政府奖惩机制下药品安全质量监管三方演化博弈及仿真分析

药品安全关乎人民群众生命健康、经济发展、社会稳定和国家安全，一直以来都是政府和全社会关注的热点问题之一。但是，近年来频发的各类药品安全事件，揭露了政府监管缺失、药品检测机制不完善、公众投诉失效等诸多问题。本文考虑了药品检测中存在寻租现象，构建了药品生产企业、第三方药品检测机构和政府监管部门之间的三方演化博弈模型，分析了各参与方策略选择的演化稳定性，探讨了各要素对三方策略选择的影响关系，进一步分析了三方博弈系统中均衡点的稳定性。研究结果表明：1)政府增强奖励、惩罚力度均有助于促进企业生产高药效药品、第三方药品检测机构拒绝寻租的规范行为，但是增大奖励力度将不利于政府自身履行监管职责；2)政府设定合理的奖惩机制必须符合对各方的奖惩之和大于其投机收益的条件，才能保障演化稳定市场环境下的药品安全；3)上级政府对监管部门失职的问责对增强企业生产高药效药品的稳健性具有重要意义；4)提升企业的药品销售收益、增加企业寻租成本也是避免企业生产低药效药品的有效途径。最后，利用Matlab 2020b进行了仿真分析，为政府完善药品监管机制提出了对策与建议。     

Synergy evaluation of non-normalizable dose–response data: Generalization of combination index for the linear effect of drugs

The study of drug synergy plays a prominent role in the search for drug combinations with beneficial interactions. Firstly, in this process, the drug-effect response of individual parts and the mixture needs to be derived. This function is usually well described by Hill (or other logistic or sigmoid) curve. Due to its boundedness, it allows the measured data to be normalized. The normalized data can then be processed by interaction analysis using the Loewe, Bliss, or other models to evaluate possible synergy or antagonism of two or more drugs. However, sometimes, the drug-effect responses observed in pharmaceutical research do not appear to be bounded. Theoretically, the drug-effect curve cannot grow to infinity, but it may be impossible to determine its upper bound within the observed region. In this case, standard models cannot be used, since they assume that data are normalized. The approach of this article bypasses the need to normalize the data, allowing its broader application and usefulness in finding potential synergies in pharmaceutical research.     

Objective and subjective conditions for the continuity of the Peruvian extractive development model

ABSTRACT

The Peruvian economy depends for its growth on the export of its mineral resources. The core of the current economic development model is the export of the country's commodities and a free and (relatively) unregulated functioning of the markets. We argue that the continuity of the country's extractive development model is the consequence of the interplay between the objective and subjective conditions of Peruvian capitalist development. The analysis of the objective conditions is focused on the role of the country in the international division of labour, the relation between this role and the country’s economic and business structure, and the functionality of the extractive development model for the Peruvian State. In the case of the subjective conditions, the strength of the political Left, the labour movement and the social movements against mining capital are analyzed     

Personal Network Correlates and Predictors of Homelessness for Injection Drug Users in Baltimore, Maryland

Injection drug users are at high risk for homelessness and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This study sought to examine incidence rates and the social and economic antecedents of homelessness of impoverished inner-city injection drug users. Of the 569 participants, from a nontreatment sample who participated HIV prevention study, interviewed at baseline, 324 (57%) were reinterviewed 5.2 months later. At baseline 48% of the participants reported that they had been homeless in the past 10 years. Of the 324, 18% reported that at both interviews they had been homeless within the prior 6 months, 12% reported homelessness at baseline but not at follow-up, and 8% reported homelessness at follow-up but not at baseline. At baseline personal social support network characteristic of size of material aid and size of sex network was found to be associated with self-reports of homelessness. Baseline reports of presence of mother in personal network, size of material aid network, and network density were found to be associated with reports of homelessness at follow-up. These result suggest the need for alternative approaches to addressing issues of homelessness injection drug users.     

毒品治理绩效评估指标体系构建要素分析

作为毒品治理政策过程重要环节的毒品治理绩效评估适合运用事实评估的技术路线,事实评估离不开评估指标的设计,但是我国在毒品治理绩效评估指标研究上几乎是空白.构建毒品治理绩效评估指标体系需要充分理解不同政策利益相关者的诉求,建立起基于政府、毒品滥用者与毒品违法犯罪分子等政策目标群体和政策泛目标群体立场的包括毒品滥用控制、毒品危害控制、毒品治理效率、毒品滥用者压力、毒品犯罪分子处境等要素指标的指标体系.     

固定pH滴定法测定弱酸性药物盐酸普鲁卡因

本文报道了一种水溶液中测定弱酸性药物的固定ｐＨ滴定法．它以弱酸在水溶液中各 种存在形式的分布系数与ｐＨ值的关系为理论依据,不要求滴定反应定量完成,是利用滴定到一定 ｐＨ值时滴定剂消耗体积与弱酸物质的量之间的正比关系进行定量分析,应用该法测定弱酸性药 物盐酸普鲁卡因,结果与药典一致,回收率在９９.６ ％～１００．３％,试液低至 ５×１０－４ｍｏＶＬ,也可用该 法准确测定．本法操作简便、快速、制剂中的赋形剂及有色物无干扰．     

毒品犯罪的国际刑法规制

毒品犯罪所具有的跨国性,使得该犯罪靠一国的局部打击与单一防范难以奏效,从而要求国际刑法在超国家的层面上作出反应。由于各国对毒品犯罪的认识与处罚不同,有必要统一各国毒品犯罪处罚的力度与执行制度以及执行的辅助方法、侦查措施及程序,明确国家在毒品犯罪打击与防范中的义务和联合国对公认的毒品产地进行的直接打击。     

区域人口抚养负担的评价方法与实证分析

针对常用人口抚养负担评价方法的缺陷,构建了抚养负担数量指数和抚养负担质量指数,以便科学反映区域人口的抚养负担。并选取中国为实证对象,进行了有效验证。研究表明:从抚养负担数量指数看,除城镇外,农村和全国的抚养负担都在减轻;从抚养负担质量指数看,农村、城镇和全国的抚养负担都在大幅度减轻。相关分析显示中国非劳动人口比重下降的根源在于农村非劳动人口比重的减少,不过减小人口抚养负担的关键在于增强劳动人口的创收能力,并非仅依赖于非劳动人口比重的下降。     

中国各地区人口年龄结构变动的消费效应分析

消费是影响一国经济增长的重要因素,对于影响消费的众多因素研究,大多基于收入分配不均和收入不确定性视角,而忽略了另外一个非常重要的因素,那就是人口年龄结构变化对消费的影响效应。上世纪70年代计划生育政策的推行和人口预期寿命的延长,加快了我国人口转变及老龄化发展的步伐,这一转变必将改变居民的储蓄消费行为,影响储蓄-消费模式和消费率。基于我国2002-2008年省级面板数据,本文研究了各地区人口转变对消费率的影响。研究表明,消费率与少儿抚养比、老年抚养比之间分别存在正相关关系与负相关关系。     

从“三寸金莲”到“女性整容”——谈女性人类学研究的意义

千百年来,社会类型发生了重大变化。然而,无论是在封闭的传统社会,还是在开放文明的现代社会,中国女性始终处于男权压力之下。这种压力不断强化女性的“附庸”角色,致使女性在自觉与不自觉之中承受不同形式的摧残,更有甚者使女性“乐于其中”。文章将以传统社会中的“裹小脚”以及现代社会中“女性整容”为例,试图用人类学比较分析的方法解读上述两种社会文化现象,并在此基础上,探讨女性人类学这门20世纪70年代才逐渐兴起的新兴学科的研究意义,进一步推进女性对于自身存在及其存在意义的思考。