从内隐态度研究到双重态度模型

内隐记忆的研究逻辑已通过各种方式整合到社会心理学理论中,也有越来越多的证据支持社会行为以内隐或无意识方式操作的观点.最近由于内隐态度研究的贡献,研究者在更广阔的经验背景上建构了双重态度模型.双重态度模型可以整合已有的研究发现,促进研究方法的改进和拓展实际研究的领域.应该同时采用内隐和外显两种测量,以提高态度研究的构思效度和预测效度.     

统筹城乡发展之大众传媒均衡发展路径探讨——基于城乡关系经典理论及知识和信息城乡二元分布的思考

统筹城乡发展改革实践需要我们不断进行理论创新与拓展。马克思和恩格斯的城乡关系理论为统筹城乡发展指明了方向,即缩小农业与工业劳动生产率的差距,实现传统农业向现代农业的转变。提高农业劳动生产率,一是要转移农村剩余劳动力,刘易斯的二元经济理论对此具有重要的指导和借鉴意义;二是要增加农业增加值,发展现代农业,这方面,舒尔茨基于人力资本理论提出的通过向农民投资来改造传统农业的思想则为我们提供了可行之路。农民获得足够多的知识和信息,无论对于发展现代农业,还是对于农村剩余劳动力的转移都非常重要,是提高农业劳动生产率的关键。而目前我国城乡之间知识和信息分布不均衡,应强化大众传媒的教育功能和信息传播功能,通过大众传媒的城乡均衡发展促成知识和信息的城乡均衡分布,进而实现城乡协调发展。     

展厅现象下的双渠道供应链定价策略

针对双渠道供应链中展厅现象将加剧传统渠道与电子渠道的价格竞争问题，利用消费者效用理论，以存在展厅现象的差异化定价策略为基准，分别设计能够消除展厅现象的一致性定价策略和限价策略。研究结果显示相比差异化定价策略，一致性定价策略可以减轻传统渠道与电子渠道的价格竞争，并总是对零售商有利，但当顾客到传统渠道麻烦成本较高和批发价格较低时，也将有利于制造商；此外，双渠道供应链成员是否选择限价策略，依赖于传统渠道与电子渠道的价差，随着价差的降低制造商与零售商的利润都将提高，特别当两个渠道的价差较小时，限价策略可以有效降低价格竞争，从而促进双渠道供应链成员达到双赢状态。     

Supplier Encroachment and Investment Spillovers

It is conventional wisdom that a manufacturer's encroachment into retail space will likely hurt an existing retailer. In contrast to this conventional belief, current research indicates that a retailer may welcome a manufacturer's encroachment despite the new competition in the final market. The encroachment may help the manufacturer have some “skin in the game” at the retail level, which will cause the manufacturer to make a selfish cost‐reducing investment that spills over to the retailer as a lower wholesale price. Such a spillover effect enhances the retailer's profit as long as the encroachment does not result in extreme retail competition by a certain degree of product differentiation, and ultimately generates Pareto gains in the supply chain. The spillover effect is so robust that the retailer's benefit from the encroachment remains even after considering potential mitigating factors such as selling costs, a nonlinear form of cost reduction, decentralized encroachment, additional retail competition, price competition, and a negotiation between the manufacturer and the retailer.     

二元经济"结构下的农村养老保障改革思路

目前中国的养老保障体制,是城乡有别的结构性养老体制,城乡养老保障在制度与水平上的差异,根源于中国的"二元经济"结构。农村养老保障制度的改革已远远落后于"二元经济"结构的变动,要改变现状可从三方面入手:一是加快城市化进程,二是暂时维护家庭养老这一保障体系,"以时间换空间",三是发展市场取向的农村养老保障事业。     

Managing Disruptions in Decentralized Supply Chains with Endogenous Supply Process Reliability

Supply disruptions are all too common in supply chains. To mitigate delivery risk, buyers may either source from multiple suppliers or offer incentives to their preferred supplier to improve its process reliability. These incentives can be either direct (investment subsidy) or indirect (inflated order quantity). In this study, we present a series of models to highlight buyers’ and suppliers’ optimal parameter choices. Our base‐case model has deterministic buyer demand and two possibilities for the supplier yield outcomes: all‐or‐nothing supply or partial disruption. For the all‐or‐nothing model, we show that the buyer prefers to only use the subsidy option, which obviates the need to inflate order quantity. However, in the partial disruption model, both incentives—subsidy and order inflation—may be used at the same time. Although single sourcing provides greater indirect incentive to the selected supplier because that avoids order splitting, we show that the buyer may prefer the diversification strategy under certain circumstances. We also quantify the amount by which the wholesale price needs to be discounted (if at all) to ensure that dual sourcing strategy dominates sole sourcing. Finally, we extend the model to the case of stochastic demand. Structural properties of ordering/subsidy decisions are derived for the all‐or‐nothing model, and in contrast to the deterministic demand case, we establish that the buyer may increase use of subsidy and order quantity at the same time.     

The Strategic Role of Third‐Party Marketplaces in Retailing

Retailers are increasingly adopting a dual‐format model. In addition to acting as traditional merchants (buying and reselling goods), these retailers provide a platform for third‐party (3P) sellers to access and compete for the same customers. We investigate the strategic rationale for a retailer to introduce a 3P marketplace. Our analysis provides insights into the growing prevalence of 3P marketplaces. We show that by committing to having an active 3P marketplace, the retailer creates an “outside option” that improves its bargaining position in negotiations with the manufacturer. This can explain the increasing prevalence of such marketplaces. On the other hand, the manufacturer would prefer to eliminate the retailer's outside option and should seek to limit or prevent sales through 3P marketplaces. This is consistent with actions that several manufacturers have taken to limit such sales. Interestingly, if the manufacturer fails to eliminate sales of competing products through the 3P marketplace, then the best strategy for the manufacturer is to allow the retailer to dictate the terms of their contract. This is because a powerful retailer will rely less on its outside option in generating profit, and therefore it will increase the fees charged to 3P sellers and soften the competition between 3P sellers and the manufacturer. The decrease in competition will lead to an increase in the value of outside option of the manufacturer and improve its profit. Additionally, we find that the presence of a 3P marketplace benefits consumers, but this benefit diminishes as the retailer becomes more powerful.     

权利推定——概念梳理与概念重塑

权利推定是一个重要的法律概念,经常在不同的意义上被使用。论文在对权利推定既有释义的分析与检讨基础上,试图接纳既有释义中的合理成分并结合所开放出来的部分问题给出一个权利推定的综合性界定并对这种界定予以简要的分析。     

论嵇康、郭璞的双重生命特征

嵇康、郭璞是魏晋时期的著名诗人,受政治环境和文化思潮的影响,寄情仙境,向往自由,是其诗文创作的主要内容,也成为他们显著的外相特征。而另一方面,两位诗人都关注现实,忧怀世事,这又成为他们重要的内在生命特征。这种对传统的叛逆和依恋,对现实的超越与忧患,济世弘道与走向世俗,构成了其双重的生命特征。     

陕西农村公共政策面临的困境与出路

在分析农村公共政策在陕西执行的现状及实施效果的基础上,讨论了陕西实行农村公共政策过程中面临的困境及解决问题的政策建议。分析认为,应从灵活运用政策、改革财政补贴方案、完善政府监督及培训、加强政府宣传、严格惩罚制度5个方面着手,提升农村公共政策作用效果。