二元经济"结构下的农村养老保障改革思路

目前中国的养老保障体制,是城乡有别的结构性养老体制,城乡养老保障在制度与水平上的差异,根源于中国的"二元经济"结构。农村养老保障制度的改革已远远落后于"二元经济"结构的变动,要改变现状可从三方面入手:一是加快城市化进程,二是暂时维护家庭养老这一保障体系,"以时间换空间",三是发展市场取向的农村养老保障事业。     

Managing Disruptions in Decentralized Supply Chains with Endogenous Supply Process Reliability

Supply disruptions are all too common in supply chains. To mitigate delivery risk, buyers may either source from multiple suppliers or offer incentives to their preferred supplier to improve its process reliability. These incentives can be either direct (investment subsidy) or indirect (inflated order quantity). In this study, we present a series of models to highlight buyers’ and suppliers’ optimal parameter choices. Our base‐case model has deterministic buyer demand and two possibilities for the supplier yield outcomes: all‐or‐nothing supply or partial disruption. For the all‐or‐nothing model, we show that the buyer prefers to only use the subsidy option, which obviates the need to inflate order quantity. However, in the partial disruption model, both incentives—subsidy and order inflation—may be used at the same time. Although single sourcing provides greater indirect incentive to the selected supplier because that avoids order splitting, we show that the buyer may prefer the diversification strategy under certain circumstances. We also quantify the amount by which the wholesale price needs to be discounted (if at all) to ensure that dual sourcing strategy dominates sole sourcing. Finally, we extend the model to the case of stochastic demand. Structural properties of ordering/subsidy decisions are derived for the all‐or‐nothing model, and in contrast to the deterministic demand case, we establish that the buyer may increase use of subsidy and order quantity at the same time.     

The Strategic Role of Third‐Party Marketplaces in Retailing

Retailers are increasingly adopting a dual‐format model. In addition to acting as traditional merchants (buying and reselling goods), these retailers provide a platform for third‐party (3P) sellers to access and compete for the same customers. We investigate the strategic rationale for a retailer to introduce a 3P marketplace. Our analysis provides insights into the growing prevalence of 3P marketplaces. We show that by committing to having an active 3P marketplace, the retailer creates an “outside option” that improves its bargaining position in negotiations with the manufacturer. This can explain the increasing prevalence of such marketplaces. On the other hand, the manufacturer would prefer to eliminate the retailer's outside option and should seek to limit or prevent sales through 3P marketplaces. This is consistent with actions that several manufacturers have taken to limit such sales. Interestingly, if the manufacturer fails to eliminate sales of competing products through the 3P marketplace, then the best strategy for the manufacturer is to allow the retailer to dictate the terms of their contract. This is because a powerful retailer will rely less on its outside option in generating profit, and therefore it will increase the fees charged to 3P sellers and soften the competition between 3P sellers and the manufacturer. The decrease in competition will lead to an increase in the value of outside option of the manufacturer and improve its profit. Additionally, we find that the presence of a 3P marketplace benefits consumers, but this benefit diminishes as the retailer becomes more powerful.     

权利推定——概念梳理与概念重塑

权利推定是一个重要的法律概念,经常在不同的意义上被使用。论文在对权利推定既有释义的分析与检讨基础上,试图接纳既有释义中的合理成分并结合所开放出来的部分问题给出一个权利推定的综合性界定并对这种界定予以简要的分析。     

论嵇康、郭璞的双重生命特征

嵇康、郭璞是魏晋时期的著名诗人,受政治环境和文化思潮的影响,寄情仙境,向往自由,是其诗文创作的主要内容,也成为他们显著的外相特征。而另一方面,两位诗人都关注现实,忧怀世事,这又成为他们重要的内在生命特征。这种对传统的叛逆和依恋,对现实的超越与忧患,济世弘道与走向世俗,构成了其双重的生命特征。     

陕西农村公共政策面临的困境与出路

在分析农村公共政策在陕西执行的现状及实施效果的基础上,讨论了陕西实行农村公共政策过程中面临的困境及解决问题的政策建议。分析认为,应从灵活运用政策、改革财政补贴方案、完善政府监督及培训、加强政府宣传、严格惩罚制度5个方面着手,提升农村公共政策作用效果。     

论1926年威林敦访华及其双重使命

"五卅惨案"后,中英关系恶化是不争的事实,为了改善中英关系并征询中国各界对英国庚款用途的意见,受英国政府指派,1926年2月威林敦率代表团访华。五个月内,代表团做了大量卓有成效的工作,基本完成任务,而后形成的报告书成为"1930年中英庚款换文"的根据,为解决中英庚款问题奠定了基础。     

出土文献可以改写思想史吗?

由于20世纪70年代以来与中国古代思想史研究相关之出土资料大量问世,"出土文献将改写中国思想史"的说法一度频繁见诸报刊。这究竟是一个严肃的命题,还是一个供媒体使用的口号,应予以审视和评价。出土文献的确为改写中国思想史创造了条件,提供了可能性,但由于出土文献自身的局限性以及出土文献研究的复杂性,使其所能发挥的作用受到限制,不经过长期的、艰苦的文本整理和复原,不能轻易用出土文献来改写中国思想史。出土文献和传世文献的研究方法有相通之处,不应轻易否定传统的研究思路和方法。"二重证据法"是一个不言自明的前提,没有多少可以指导具体研究的方法论成分。对"二重证据法"的过度推崇,滋长了轻率、粗糙的学风,导致了研究方法的简单化。     

论卢卡奇对现代性批判的双重维度及其理论困境

卢卡奇是在对现代资本主义社会的物化现象批判和资产阶级现代形而上学批判的双重维度上展开对现代性批判的,然而,卢卡奇是在作为资产阶级现代形而上学之完成形式的黑格尔哲学框架内展开对资产阶级现代形而上学批判的,即在形而上学范围内解决形而上学所造成的理论困境,从而使其现代性批判的双重维度陷入了无法自拔的理论困境。     

二元工业化及其主要模式

构建二元工业化,全面推进农村产业发展与工业化的实现,这是根本解决“三农”问题,实现统筹城乡与经济社会发展,逐步消除二元结构矛盾的最佳途径。必须充分认识构建二元工业化与发展农村工业的重要性与必要性、艰巨性与复杂性,认识与了解政府在发展农村工业中的地位与作用,以及发展农村工业化的合理性与科学性,走工业化带动城市化的发展道路。农村工业化依据不同区域的经济发展状况和自然经济地理条件,可以建设资源型工业化模式、技术型工业化模式、加工型工业化模式等。