Rethinking the Individualized Education Plan process: voices from the other side of the table

Parent involvement in the process of creating an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is authorized under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, a federal law in the United States that ensures children with disabilities have the opportunity to receive a free appropriate public education alongside their peers without disabilities in the least restrictive environment. Yet much research has shown that parents often feel like outsiders during the process. To understand parent perspectives about how educators might help make the IEP process more collaborative and inclusive, this study collected qualitative data from 35 parents of students with disabilities who have worked to develop an IEP with a school team. Our findings provide insight into parent experiences and evidence that parents have many suggestions for how educators can improve the IEP process. In our discussion section, we provide educators with strategies to address parent suggestions.     

Maintaining organization–public relationships on tourism Websites through relationship management strategies

This study investigates the relationship maintenance strategies (RMS) of official state tourism Websites and online travel agencies’ Websites in the U.S. Content analysis reveals that the access strategy was enacted the best while the sharing of tasks strategy was utilized the least in both types of Websites. There are significant differences between these two types of Websites in terms of the positivity, the openness/disclosure, and the assurances strategies. The implications of adopting RMS for e-PR in the tourism and hospitality industry are discussed.     

Romantic Relationships and Criminal Desistance: Pathways and Processes

In dominant theories of criminal desistance, marital relationship formation is understood to be a key “turning point” away from deviant behavior. Empirical studies supporting this claim have largely focused on the positive role of marriage in men's desistance from crime, and relatively few studies have examined the role that nonmarital relationships may play in desistance. Drawing on 138 longitudinal in‐depth interviews with 22 men and women reentering society from prison, this article extends the scope of desistance research by additionally considering the significance of more fleeting and fluid relationships, and the diverse processes through which romantic relationships of all sorts are linked with criminal behaviors. We present an empirically based typology detailing six processes, grouped within three conceptual categories, through which romantic relationships had their effects. These pathways include material circumstances, social bonds and interactions, and emotional supports and stressors. We also consider gender differences in these processes. While more tenuous bonds to marginally conventional partners would seem to exert little effect, as one of the few relationships and social roles available to many former prisoners, we found that they wielded important influence, if not always in a positive direction.     

Cultural Correlates of Gender Integration in Science

Gender integration within science has been uneven: some fields have integrated women to almost equitable levels, while others remain male‐dominated. Explanations for this variation abound, but few are able to assess empirically the relevance of disciplinary cultures in a systematic way. We take up this challenge by analysing accounts of scientific success in fields that integrated women to a large degree (Psychology and the Life Sciences) and fields that did not (Engineering and Physics). We qualitatively assess how the salience of relationships changed over time in these fields. We find that scientists from disciplines that have crossed the threshold whereby women are no longer tokens culturally value informal relationships more than those in which women remain a small numerical minority.     

论马克思哲学“现实个人”理论及其当代审视

现实个人是马克思哲学的理论核心,依据社会形态理论其生成史可以阐发为三种形态：群体形态的个人,独立形态的个人,自由形态的个人,三种形态的历史演绎构成了现实个人发展的内在逻辑。当代中国正处于市场经济条件下,人表现为以物为基础的独立形态的个人,人的物化状态不可避免。物化状态的积极作用在于它是对群体形态个人的扬弃,对自由形态个人的基奠;其消极作用在于人以“物”而非“人”作为价值尺度,物质利益驱动使人对有限资源展开竞争而形成人际矛盾,而这一矛盾是引发社会种种不和谐现象的主要原因。因此,解决人际矛盾、实现入际和谐是构建和谐社会的根本着力点,其实现的根本途径在于民主、法治、道德的实现。     

Promoting Fathers' Engagement With Children: Preventive Interventions for Low‐Income Families

Few programs to enhance fathers' engagement with children have been systematically evaluated, especially for low‐income minority populations. In this study, 289 couples from primarily low‐income Mexican American and European American families were randomly assigned to one of three conditions and followed for 18 months: 16‐week groups for fathers, 16‐week groups for couples, or a 1‐time informational meeting. Compared with families in the low‐dose comparison condition, intervention families showed positive effects on fathers' engagement with their children, couple relationship quality, and children's problem behaviors. Participants in couples' groups showed more consistent, longer term positive effects than those in fathers‐only groups. Intervention effects were similar across family structures, income levels, and ethnicities. Implications of the results for current family policy debates are discussed.     

Ethnic segregation in context: Social discrimination among native Dutch pupils and their ethnic minority classmates

Social discrimination, defined as the relative preference for intra-ethnic over inter-ethnic relationships, was studied in pupils’ networks in Dutch secondary school classes. While native Dutch pupils (ethnic majority members) mainly named fellow majority members, ethnic minority members reported ties with as many majority as minority members. Considering the ethnic composition of the classroom, however, majority members discriminated less than minorities. No strong effect of classroom ethnic composition on social discrimination was found, whereas neighborhood composition was shown to clearly influence social discrimination: ethnic minority members were more, and majority members less inclined to discriminate in neighborhoods with more ethnic presence.     

邓小平政治体制改革思想中的辩证关系

邓小平的政治体制改革思想是他改革总体战略的重要组成部分,邓小平关于政治体制改革与政治稳定的关系,关于基本政治制度与具体制度体制的关系,关于领导体制与领导者个人作用的关系,关于政治体制与经济体制改革的关系,都是马克思主义辩证法思维在政治领域的自觉运用。深入研究邓小平政治体制改革思想中的辩证思维,对于继续推进当代中国的政治体制改革,增强在改革中的主动性、创造性和科学性,实现中华民族的伟大复兴,具有十分重要的意义。     

儿童同伴关系研究综述

同伴关系及同伴交往是儿童社会性发展研究的重要主题,国外从20世纪30~40年代开始开展同伴关系的相关研究,自20世纪70年代对同伴关系系统深入地进行了研究并取得了丰硕的成果。本文拟就同伴关系研究的相关成果作一综述,供作进一步研究的参考。     

Ethical uneasiness and the need for open-ended reflexivity: the case of research into older people with a wish to die

This article focuses on research ethics in highly intimate research with possible impact on life and death. In order to stimulate an open-ended dialogue about research ethics, we reflect on four ethical challenges that came up during our research into older people with a wish to die. Drawing on our experiences, we discuss (1) the possibly confirming influence of our research on the death wish (moral experience of whether or not to disregard responsibility); (2) the suggested duty to intervene (moral experience of whether or not to compromise the person’s autonomy); (3) the researcher’s authority and power over the data (moral experience of threatening a person’s self-narrative) and (4) the dilemma of intimacy (moral experience of encountering the tragic). For guidance in addressing these challenges, we draw upon work on research ethics from phenomenological and care ethics scholars, as well as from those writing about relational ethics in health research. We suggest that being open about ethical uneasiness is important, because in most cases of a grey area, there are only open-ended answers needing an enquiring mind, rather than clear and fixed guidelines. Acknowledgement of ethical uneasiness and open-ended reflexivity are indispensable to constitute a morally good research practice.