Neofunctionalism and Neoinstitutionalism: Human Agency and Interest in Institutional Change

Neofunctionalism and neoinstitutionalism suffer from a macro bias that impairs recognition of human agency and interest in institutional change. A preliminary micro corrective organized around the concepts of institutional entrepreneurs and institutional projects is proposed. These concepts are elaborated to address three related problems: the content of institutional change; power, coalitions, and conflict in institutional change; and entrepreneurs use of accounts to legitimate their projects.     

中国的民族企业家与民族认同——以凉山彝族(诺苏)为个案的分析

本文探讨了企业家阶层与民族认同之间的关系,并提出两个重要论点:一是市场力量和私营经济的发展正在逐渐减小家支对诺苏彝族企业家的影响.尽管家支在新企业的起步阶段发挥着重要作用,但是它已渐渐成为企业的一种负担.二是企业家在传统的传承者与现代先锋的角色之间摇摆.诺苏彝族与汉族企业家之间界线的划分是民族认同的重要表现.认同是一种个体和集体的过程,因而只有在与其他群体(汉族)进行交互作用时,企业家阶层才能对认同产生影响.当企业家之间以及其他彝族人之间存在强烈的文化民族主义时,诺苏彝族企业家的民族意识就将得到发展,以期通过企业家和经济发展成就在国家内部得到尊重.     

Franchise Contracting: The Effects of The Entrepreneur's Timing Option and Debt Financing

We solve a sequential‐moves game that involves three players: the franchisor, the entrepreneur, and the banks. The franchisor chooses the contract terms (a one‐time franchise fee and a royalty rate for on‐going payments). The entrepreneur dynamically decides when to sign this contract, open a store, and apply for debt financing to cover the initial investment. In response to the entrepreneur's application, banks competitively determine loan rates. We find that the franchisor should use royalty cash flows and not the franchise fee to extract value from the entrepreneur. This is a new explanation of empirical evidence that franchise contracts favor royalties over franchise fees. To account for the possibility of the entrepreneur's bankruptcy and bankruptcy costs, the franchisor should decrease the royalty rate. However, despite a lower rate, the threshold for the entrepreneur to open the store is higher in the model with financing than in the model without financing. This threshold is much higher than it would have been for the integrated system, which in turn is higher than the static break‐even‐NPV threshold. If a franchisor ignores financing considerations, she will suffer from having to wait longer for the store opening and from a higher bankruptcy probability. We predict that the franchisor is the main beneficiary of the entrepreneur's greater initial wealth and that the franchisor will benefit more if she assumes a greater share of the store's operating costs.     

从经济学的视角谈大学生创业的显性价值

现代市场经济和知识经济条件下,大学生创业对于发展经济、促进就业、科技创新等具有不可或缺的作用。通过深入分析大学生创业对发达国家经济腾飞、对我国国民经济增长、对我国经济内涵式发展、对提高企业家素质等方面的作用,充分体现了大学生创业在社会经济发展中的必要性和重要性。     

论国有企业企业家伦理精神

国有企业控制着国民经济的命脉,必然以增加全民福祉为目标。然而在现实条件下,国有经济扮演的角色与其发挥的功能现实中存在着一定的偏差,这很大程度上与国有企业企业家作用发挥息息相关。本文主要从国有企业功能定位出发,分析国有企业的发展需要注重的伦理道德,进而对国有企业企业家必须具备的伦理精神进行系统阐述。     

The Cultural Orientations of Entrepreneurs and Employees’ Job Satisfaction: The Turkish Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Case

The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether cultural orientations which were pervasive and salient in the society of SMEs’ entrepreneurs predict employees’ job satisfaction. Paternalism, collectivism, individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance were assessed as pervasive and salient attributes for Turkish society. Data were gathered from 217 male SMEs entrepreneurs and 1140 employees. The cultural orientations scales together with some questions related to the firms and demographics, and job diagnostic index (JDI) with demographical questions were applied to entrepreneurs and employees, respectively. The findings of this study revealed that paternalism, collectivism and power distance predicted employee job satisfaction significantly. It was argued that the congruency between entrepreneurs’ cultural orientations and employees’ cultural background and expectations, which was shaped by the organizational socialization process, might lead these results.     

现代企业家人力资本特征及其环境价值分析

现代企业家人力资本具有变动性、流动性、可替代性、异质性及与自身劳动的自然结合等基本特征。各种特征在不同市场条件下的显现即反映出企业家的环境价值。现代企业家应锐意进取,积极适应并改善市场条件,提高自身环境价值。各级政府应注意营造有利于人才成长的氛围,创造一种适宜企业发展和企业家成长的生态环境。     

Serial Entrepreneurs

This study focuses on the dynamic nature of entrepreneurship through an analysis of serial entrepreneurs, those individuals who engage in multiple start-ups, management buyouts, management buy-ins and combinations of these activities. The paper develops a typology of habitual entrepreneurship and then examines serial entrepreneurs in detail as a subset of such entrepreneurs. The processes involved and the effects of individuals undertaking sequential ventures are analysed. The study identifies three types of serial entrepreneurial behaviour namely venture repeaters, organic serials and serial dealmakers, distinguished by the motivations and the methods used to develop their ventures. Case-study evidence from the study also indicates that the role of active investors varies according to the type of serial entrepreneur and venture.     

How do private entrepreneurs transform local social capital into economic capital? Four case studies from rural Denmark

Bourdieu's (1986) General Theory of the Economy of Practices assumes that people perpetually transform tangible and intangible forms of capital according to certain ‘laws of conversion’. On this background, and combining sociology and micro-economics, we analyze specific strings of capital conversion in time and space. More specifically, we raise the question: How do private entrepreneurs transform local social capital into economic capital? We combine in-depth interviews with four private entrepreneurs in rural Denmark with Prisoner's Dilemma game theory. Thus each of our cases illustrates one of the outcomes in the PD matrix. In this way we explain why only one of the four entrepreneurs succeeds in capitalizing social capital.     

Self-employed migrants from EU Member States in Poland: differentiated professional trajectories and explanations of entrepreneurial success

ABSTRACT

This article discusses the diversified self-employment trajectories of intra-EU migrant entrepreneurs in Poland in the context of the culture hierarchies persistent in Europe. The business ventures are established by intra-EU labour migrants, graduates of Polish universities, but also lifestyle migrants and individuals who migrate to Poland because of a partner or family residing here. Nationals of the post-2004 Member States are more inclined to register their own business entities than are nationals of the EU-15 countries: they are also more susceptible to the risk of failure (closing or suspending an enterprise). Qualitative research reveals that the career trajectories of EU-15 nationals are not necessarily dependent upon integration efforts. Immigrant entrepreneurs from countries like the UK or Spain may attract customer attention by profiting from their cultural background, but many of them exhibit a tendency to live in language and cultural enclaves. Migrant entrepreneurs from the EU-12 typically become successful in their business activities when they are well integrated with the host society - especially if they have a good knowledge of Polish.