我国环境影响评价公众参与制度中若干问题之评析

环境影响评价是预防环境污染和生态破坏的重要法律制度,公众参与是国内外环境保护领域的一项基本法律原则,对于环境影响评价制度的有效推行以及公共环境纠纷的防范具有重要意义。我国现有立法难以有效保障公众对环境影响评价的参与权的实现。因此,需要进一步明确参与环境影响评价的公众的范围和类型,扩大公众参与环境影响评价的范围,完善公众参与环境影响评价的方式,提高公众参与环境影响评价的效力。     

Using Probabilistic Terrorism Risk Modeling for Regulatory Benefit-Cost Analysis: Application to the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative in the Land Environment

This article presents a framework for using probabilistic terrorism risk modeling in regulatory analysis. We demonstrate the framework with an example application involving a regulation under consideration, the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative for the Land Environment, (WHTI‐L). First, we estimate annualized loss from terrorist attacks with the Risk Management Solutions (RMS) Probabilistic Terrorism Model. We then estimate the critical risk reduction, which is the risk‐reducing effectiveness of WHTI‐L needed for its benefit, in terms of reduced terrorism loss in the United States, to exceed its cost. Our analysis indicates that the critical risk reduction depends strongly not only on uncertainties in the terrorism risk level, but also on uncertainty in the cost of regulation and how casualties are monetized. For a terrorism risk level based on the RMS standard risk estimate, the baseline regulatory cost estimate for WHTI‐L, and a range of casualty cost estimates based on the willingness‐to‐pay approach, our estimate for the expected annualized loss from terrorism ranges from $2.7 billion to $5.2 billion. For this range in annualized loss, the critical risk reduction for WHTI‐L ranges from 7% to 13%. Basing results on a lower risk level that results in halving the annualized terrorism loss would double the critical risk reduction (14–26%), and basing the results on a higher risk level that results in a doubling of the annualized terrorism loss would cut the critical risk reduction in half (3.5–6.6%). Ideally, decisions about terrorism security regulations and policies would be informed by true benefit‐cost analyses in which the estimated benefits are compared to costs. Such analyses for terrorism security efforts face substantial impediments stemming from the great uncertainty in the terrorist threat and the very low recurrence interval for large attacks. Several approaches can be used to estimate how a terrorism security program or regulation reduces the distribution of risks it is intended to manage. But, continued research to develop additional tools and data is necessary to support application of these approaches. These include refinement of models and simulations, engagement of subject matter experts, implementation of program evaluation, and estimating the costs of casualties from terrorism events.     

报业会计信息系统安全部分控制

报业会计电算化的系统安全,是报业会计信息系统的安全会计电算化的灵魂和核心,而内部控制则是保障报业会计电算化系统安全的一项重要工作。本文从报业会计电算化工作的实际出发,针对目前报业会计电算化应用的现状,结合报业会计电算化的特点和管理要求,阐述了报业会计电算化系统安全内部控制问题的必要性,并提出了如何加强报业会计电算化信息系统安全,有效进行内部控制的一些措施和办法。     

Forced to work and liberated from work

The work-welfare nexus is essential in all social policy regimes. The question is in what situations individuals should be entitled to social welfare benefits and in which situations they should be obliged to work. Social welfare law and administrative practices define mechanisms that separate the deserving poor from people able to work. This article analyses the functions and character of these "separation mechanisms" in Sweden during three periods in history: a) in rural society in the late 19th century; b) in industrial society during the successful years of the Swedish model from World War II until the late 1970s; and c) the present, including the period of welfare retrenchment and reconsideration since the early 1980s. The conclusion is that Swedish social policy has always been strongly work-oriented, but the specific form and content of the work ethic has varied under the influence of different ideologies and handled in different social policy institutions. Under specific conditions the work line has been either generous or restrictive and it has been based on structural attempts to improve the opportunities to work as well as on attempts to strongly pressure the individual to work. The work line of today is seen as an interesting attempt to combine an effort to create good work through improved work conditions and an effort to reinforce elements of work enforcement in the social insurance system.     

公路建设项目施工期全程环境管理

通过分析公路施工期公路施工对自然生态、大气、声、水环境以及社会环境的影响,针对公路施工期环境管理的薄弱状态及施工期环境监理尚处于试点研究阶段的现状,提出了公路建设项目施工期全程环境管理的理念,建立施工期全程环境管理制度的思想:承包商、监理、业主及政府环保部门共同承担环保责任的“四位一体”的施工期环境管理模式,并对其内涵进行了分析。这对建立公路建设项目施工期全程环境管理制度、规范施工期的环境管理有着积极的推动作用。     

西安环境污染经济损失估算与分析

为有效监测、控制环境污染,保护城市环境,采用市场价值法、修正人力资本法和工程费用法等估算方法,对2002年西安市大气污染、水污染和固体废弃物污染造成的经济损失进行测算评估,通过各项指标和数据分析环境污染状况,给出西安市因大气、水和固体废弃物污染造成的经济损失估算结果。结论认为,西安市环境状况依然十分严峻,2002年因环境污染造成的直接经济损失高达7.30亿元。城市污染治理和城市环境保护由此成为西安市经济可持续发展的首要前提。     

高校学生工作改革创新的思考

分析了当前高校学生工作改革创新面临的国内外形势,明确了把握高校学生工作规律,积极探索高校学生工作改革的新途径的紧迫性和必要性,提出了做好新时期高校学生工作的思路和措施,旨在紧密联系学生实际,创新工作方式和内容,充分发掘大学生的潜能,培养他们的自主创新能力和实践精神,努力探索出一条适应时代发展、满足学生成长要求的学生工作新路。     

论电话监听的合理性及其限度

电话监听是技术侦查手段的一种。适当运用电话监听,能够提高对抗犯罪的效能。然而,电话监听具有对公民隐私权、言论自由权等权利造成侵害的很大的危险性。因此,既要认识到其合理性,又要对其适用确定必要的限度,并在运用过程中,保障犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的基本人权和诉讼权利。     

反向抵押贷款:养老保障新视角

我国正快速步入老龄化社会,养老压力日益突出,传统养老模式已不能满足市场经济条件下人们对养老的需求。作为避免老龄化危机的有效途径,反向抵押贷款在美国取得了巨大的成功。文章分析了在我国实施反向抵押贷款的必要性和可行性,并指出了存在的风险。     

WTO下构建环境保护与自由贸易法律制度之分析

WTO机制有利于实现全球贸易自由化,但其有关的环境规则又对自由贸易产生直接或间接影响,使我国的自由贸易既面临挑战也面临机遇。我国加入WTO后的环境保护和自由贸易法律制度应适应WTO的环境规则,提高国民的环保意识;完善环境贸易法律,积极推动我国绿色贸易的发展;积极利用WTO规则及其争端解决机制以及强化贸易与环境执法,才能使我国的环境保护与自由贸易法律制度与国际市场全面接轨。