刘勰为什么肯定“般若绝境”

刘勰所用之“般若”虽来自印度佛教逻辑,但从《文心雕龙》篇章中内容上看,却与佛教没多大关系。刘勰是从其哲学本体上肯定般若学在对待“有”、“无”关系上的基本态度的。刘勰的哲学受魏晋玄学尤其是王弼的观点的影响,认为“无”是哲学之本体,但亦不完全否认“有”的存在与价值。王弼主张以有训无、举本统末,与王衍、何晏为首的贵无派完全否认“有”的存在与价值和以裴■、郭象为首的崇有派完全否认“无”的本体意义的观点都不同。而般若学所谓六家七宗等各派,虽观点有分歧,但在对本末有无问题上却基本一致,他们都不像何晏与裴■那样偏执一端,完全否认“有”或完全否认“无”,而是如王弼那样,既肯定“无”为根本,也不否认“有”的存在与价值,这正是《文心雕龙·原道》中所表现出来的刘勰的总的哲学观点,所以他才肯定“般若之绝境”,而不是团于宗教门户之见。     

Challenges in Isolating the Effect of College Attainment and Debt Accumulation on Young Adult Self‐Concept

Prior studies have found college attendance to boost self‐esteem and mastery in young adults. Yet, college attendance itself is likely influenced by self‐esteem and mastery levels experienced in adolescence. And both are likely influenced by adolescent cognitive ability and academic achievement. Using data from the NLSY79‐YA, we illustrate the difficulties in isolating the positive effect of college on young adult self‐concept. First, we estimate adolescent self‐concept trajectories for respondents and analyze whether these trajectories are predictive of college attendance and degree attainment. Second, we assess whether the inclusion of adolescent self‐concept trajectories significantly reduces the beneficial effect of college on young adult self‐esteem and mastery. We also investigate the complex temporal relationship between adolescent characteristics, debt accumulation, and young adult self‐concept. Our findings show that the positive effects of college attainment and debt accumulation on young adult self‐concept are significantly reduced when measures of adolescent self‐concept and cognitive ability are included. These results imply that the benefit of going to college or acquiring debt may be overstated when adolescent characteristics are not taken into consideration.     

自尊的本质

本文的主要目的是要揭示自尊的本质、自尊的心理过程及其功能，自尊与社会适应的关系。