技术创新的社会文化功能解析

技术创新作为一种整合科学、技术、知识与经济等要素的人类实践活动,不但在社会经济系统的变迁上显示了积极的推动作用,而且通过其特有的活动方式作用于社会文化系统,改变着社会物质文化、制度文化、精神文化的面貌.根据默顿的显功能和潜功能的划分,透过技术创新的文化视野,对技术创新所具有的丰富社会文化内涵、实现文化创新的显功能,消解社会文化边界的正面潜功能,引发社会文化危机的负面潜功能进行了全面解析 ,不但有利于全面认识技术创新的功能作用,而且对建立一种新的技术创新文化观也具有重要意义.     

Love or the Black Sun of Personal Relationships

Previous research about love, in the social‐psychological literature, has focused on the antecedents, or causes, of love. Moreover, within the field of Personal Relationships, love is often regarded as implicitly present, and thus, is not treated directly. Here, we address the possibility of a reversal of this perspective, where love is no longer treated as a dependent variable but as an independent variable. We show that this change is necessary to promote the status of love to that of a reliable object of scientific enquiry. We discuss the differences between scientific and naïve conceptions of love, and the necessity of distinguishingbetween an alleged reality of love and the consequences of the mere idea of love.     

Generating Probabilistic Spatially-Explicit Individual and Population Exposure Estimates for Ecological Risk Assessments

Exposure to chemical contaminants in various media must be estimated when performing ecological risk assessments. Exposure estimates are often based on the 95th-percentile upper confidence limit on the mean concentration of all samples, calculated without regard to critical ecological and spatial information about the relative relationship of receptors, their habitats, and contaminants. This practice produces exposure estimates that are potentially unrepresentative of the ecology of the receptor. This article proposes a habitat area and quality-conditioned exposure estimator, E[HQ], that requires consideration of these relationships. It describes a spatially explicit ecological exposure model to facilitate calculation of E[HQ]. The model provides (1) a flexible platform for investigating the effect of changes in habitat area, habitat quality, foraging area, and population size on exposure estimates, and (2) a tool for calculating E[HQ] for use in actual risk assessments. The inner loop of a Visual Basic program randomly walks a receptor over a multicelled landscape--each cell of which contains values for cell area, habitat area, habitat quality, and concentration--accumulating an exposure estimate until the total area foraged is less than or equal to a given foraging area. An outer loop then steps through foraging areas of increasing size. This program is iterated by Monte Carlo software, with the number of iterations representing the population size. Results indicate that (1) any single estimator may over- or underestimate exposure, depending on foraging strategy and spatial relationships of habitat and contamination, and (2) changes in exposure estimates in response to changes in foraging and habitat area are not linear.     

SOFTWARE REVIEWS

ABSTRACT

This report outlines the components of wiki technology and its possible applications in the human services. Wikis have the potential to manage the detailed internal and external information and knowledge that is ubiquitous in the human services. For example, a wiki would be an ideal tool to store the knowledge of how things actually work in agencies with high staff turnover or many retiring of baby boomers. Wikis offer the opportunity for veteran staff to disseminate their expertise by hyperlinking knowledge about a certain operation to other operations or procedures. Furthermore, since wikis can be updated by all users, the knowledge can be easily and instantly updated as the human services environment changes. Wikis also offer the capacity to track and manage user changes. The report describes a specific external wiki application for capturing and disseminating community referral information.     

基于知识管理的图书馆参考咨询服务

以促进知识增值和共享为主要内容的知识管理为图书馆参考咨询的发展带来了新的机遇。图书馆参考咨询与知识管理有着共同的契合点。知识管理在图书馆参考咨询的应用主要体现为显性知识的管理;采用人性化管理,激发咨询馆员的潜能;重视隐性知识的管理和开发,营造共享交流的文化氛围,促进知识的转化。     

隐性知识与显性知识的多学科探究及对语言教与学研究的影响

隐性知识系统和显性知识系统分布于大脑的不同区域并执行着不同的功能。产生两种知识系统的母语与外语学习过程也不相同。文章首先探讨了两种知识系统的早期语言教育和语言学研究背景及研究评价。然后,总结了认知科学和认知神经科学的主要研究发现、心理语言学和神经语言学的研究初步结论等,这些研究对于外语教学和学习、二语习得方面的研究有重要影响。     

从中小银行发展看我国存款保险制度改革

从保护存款的安全、维护银行系统的稳定出发,国内学者提出开放条件下的中国应该做出“淡出隐性存款保险制度、推行显性存款保险制度”的政策选择。本文的另一重要理论依据是,上述政策选择有利于为中小银行提供一个与国有大银行平等的竞争环境,解决非国有企业的融资问题,增强金融市场的竞争效率,推进我国旨在以体制外增量化解体制内存量的整体金融改革。本文在探讨隐性、显性存款保险制度与中小银行发展的关系的基础上,从促进中小银行发展的角度,初步给出我国显性存款保险的具体制度设计。     

从内隐态度研究到双重态度模型

内隐记忆的研究逻辑已通过各种方式整合到社会心理学理论中,也有越来越多的证据支持社会行为以内隐或无意识方式操作的观点.最近由于内隐态度研究的贡献,研究者在更广阔的经验背景上建构了双重态度模型.双重态度模型可以整合已有的研究发现,促进研究方法的改进和拓展实际研究的领域.应该同时采用内隐和外显两种测量,以提高态度研究的构思效度和预测效度.     

Appetitive and impulsive: Examining alcohol use via the motivational and self-control systems

This study examines how trait differences in the appetitive and defensive systems and how automatic, impulsive and deliberate, reflective responses to alcohol cues predict overall alcohol use. By utilizing a measure of trait motivational activation and measures of implicit and explicit attitudes toward alcohol that indicate the self-control system – impulsive vs. reflective – that determines behavior, this research demonstrates that higher trait appetitive system activity, ASA, and positive impulsive/implicit alcohol attitudes independently predict alcohol use, while trait defensive system activation, DSA, and explicit attitudes toward alcohol did not independently predict use.     

Local Influence Analysis in AB–BA Crossover Designs

The aim of this article is to develop methodology for detecting influential observations in crossover models with random individual effects. Various case‐weighted perturbations are performed. We obtain the influence of the perturbations on each parameter estimator and on their dispersion matrices. The obtained results exhibit the possibility to obtain closed‐form expressions of the influence using the residuals in mixed linear models. Some graphical tools are also presented.