Bayesian estimation of log odds ratios over two-way contingency tables with intraclass correlated cells

In this article, a Bayesian approach is proposed for the estimation of log odds ratios and intraclass correlations over a two-way contingency table, including intraclass correlated cells. Required likelihood functions of log odds ratios are obtained, and determination of prior structures is discussed. Hypothesis testing for log odds ratios and intraclass correlations by using the posterior simulations is outlined. Because the proposed approach includes no asymptotic theory, it is useful for the estimation and hypothesis testing of log odds ratios in the presence of certain intraclass correlation patterns. A family health status and limitations data set is analyzed by using the proposed approach in order to figure out the impact of intraclass correlations on the estimates and hypothesis tests of log odds ratios. Although intraclass correlations are small in the data set, we obtain that even small intraclass correlations can significantly affect the estimates and test results, and our approach is useful for the estimation and testing of log odds ratios in the presence of intraclass correlations.     

"经济人"假设的内涵及其超越

在经济学的众多假设中,经济人假设是最基本也是最招争议的一种假设.非议者认为经济人假设不能代表人的全部本质,也对人的道德属性造成否定和伤害;而肯定者则认为,道德也是能够得到经济学的解释的,人们正是在寻求利益最大化的过程中形成了道德的约束.事实上.对于现实社会的各种问题,绝不能简单地用经济人的人性规定去解释.     

The Influence of Parental Identification on Attitudes in Same-Sex Families

ABSTRACT

Without the ability to be legally married in most U.S. states until 2015, same-sex couples did not have the rights and privileges of married or once-married couples. Even with the changing legality and increasing social acceptance of same-sex marriage, the relationship between nonbirth parents and children in same-sex parented families is often not recognized as a legitimate child-parent bond. The focus of this article is to investigate how attitudes related to social networks and the language used to identify parental figures likely contribute to the binary gender-role structure of the family. Using data from a self-administered survey, I examine whether nonbirth and birth parents hold distinct attitudes about social concepts that are relevant to their lives.     

国有企业社会责任践行路径的再审思——基于党组织引领治理视角

国有企业践行社会责任是推动市场经济高质量发展、企业健康运行的必然要求。但国有企业践行社会责任的传统路径面临践行主体不明、践行规则不清、践行责任不显等现实困境。通过利他-利己一致性的分析框架可知,利己定位不准、不同性质企业社会责任被混淆,以及利他-利己行为未实现动态平衡是造成国有企业践行社会责任面临诸多困境的根源。通过理论与实践的双重探索发现,国有企业党组织是践行社会责任的最优载体。基于此,确立“主辅相成”的践行主体、明确“条理清晰”的践行行为、制定“科学合理”的践行责任,是国有企业党组织践行社会责任的理性路径,也为培育具有全球竞争力的世界一流企业指明了方向。     

突发灾害条件下中学生利他动机的构成及发展倾向

本文采用自编情境故事问卷,考察了初二和高一学生在三种突发灾害条件下利他动机的构成及发展倾向。结论如下：突发灾害条件下中学生的利他动机主要由赞许动机、避免惩罚动机、互惠动机、移情动机、社会责任动机、自我牺牲动机构成;中学生的利他动机呈现出由低水平动机向高水平动机的发展趋势;在不同情境下中学生的利他动机表现出跨情境的一致性;在同一情境下中学生的主导利他动机表现出情境差异性。     

Testing models of information avoidance with binary choice dictator games

Standard social choice experiments generally force subjects to make decisions about giving money to another person, but the ability to avoid information outside of the lab could lead to less altruistic or fair behavior than such experiments tend to suggest. I expand on the design of Dana, Weber, and Kuang (2007) to better study information avoidance in an experimental setting. Subjects are given the chance to avoid information about a recipient’s payoffs in a dictator game. I vary the probability that a dictator’s payoffs will be aligned with the recipient’s in order to assess the role of beliefs on avoidance and test contradictory models. The within-subjects approach shows that even people who are generous in a stark choice will make self-serving decisions when they can avoid knowing the recipient’s outcome. People avoid information more often when the self-serving choice is unlikely to hurt the recipient, which supports Rabin’s model (1995) of moral rules and moral preferences.     

“Plan your Burn,Burn your Plan”: How Decentralization,Storytelling, and Communification Can Support Participatory Practices

Research has found that compared with larger groups, small ones had fewer difficulties with retaining their participatory‐democratic practices and values. However, the endurance and expansion of Burning Man, from 20 friends and family in 1986 to a temporary arts community of more than 66,000 persons in 2014, suggests that collectivities can maintain and augment participatory practices over increasing scale. Using an ethnographic study of organizing activities spanning 1998 to 2001 and follow‐up research through 2012, I focus on how the Burning Man organization has sustained its participatory‐democratic principles over dramatic growth. Specifically, I show how the Burning Man organization promoted and sustained authentic voice and engagement by (1) decentralizing agency, (2) contextualizing norms and practices via storytelling and discussion, and (3) “communifying” labor.     

利他主义、代理成本与家族企业成长

家族管理模式的代理成本是高还是低?这是国外家族企业代理问题研究领域争论的焦点。本文分析了利他主义对家族企业代理成本的动态影响作用,本文认为:在家族企业发展的初期,利他主义有利于降低家族管理的代理成本;在家族企业发展的后期,利他主义会增加家族管理的代理成本。在此基础上,本文对学术界关于家族企业代理成本的争论进行整合,并从代理成本的维度提出了家族企业管理模式相机选择的原则。     

Why Do They Help People with AIDS/HIV Online? Altruistic Motivation and Moral Identity

Abstract

With the help of information and communication technologies, people can enjoy online social services, especially some stigmatized groups. In China, it is popular for AIDS patients to seek help online since the anonymity of cyberspace can protect people from stigmas and mocking evaluations. This article conducts a content analysis on 216 volunteers’ applications in an AIDS forum and measures their online helping behavior after application to explore what motivates volunteers to help AIDS patients online, how it affects them, and why the moral implication attached to AIDS fails to prevent them. The author indicates that helping behavior may be inspired by varied motivation from altruism to egoism, including kindness, values, sympathy, reward, atonement and benefit. Among them, the closer to altruism the motivation is, the more likely it is to be mentioned, while the “reward” motivation has the most significant effect. This article then examines volunteers’ moral identity of AIDS, arguing that the moral identity of humanitarianism can counteract the moral criticism of high-risk behavior related to AIDS. Future research in this area should examine the relationship between motivation and moral identity, the change in different phases, and compare different helping situations to encourage more forms of social services and supportive behavior.     

微公益与大学生利他教育融合机制探析

微公益即微型公益,是指从微不足道的公益事件入手,强调由少聚多的公益行为,它充分利用了互联网的大众性、草根性、迅速传播性,实现了公益的平民化、常态化;利他行为是一种自愿的、以帮助他人为目的的亲社会行为。实现两者的融合有利于提高大学生的道德水平,促进他们的全面发展。实现两者融合的机制主要有:利用微公益资源丰富大学生利他教育载体;建立健全大学生参与微公益的引导体系;建立和提升有序的微公益机制。