Marginal and association regression models for longitudinal binary data with drop‐outs: A likelihood‐based approach

Longitudinal data often contain missing observations, and it is in general difficult to justify particular missing data mechanisms, whether random or not, that may be hard to distinguish. The authors describe a likelihood‐based approach to estimating both the mean response and association parameters for longitudinal binary data with drop‐outs. They specify marginal and dependence structures as regression models which link the responses to the covariates. They illustrate their approach using a data set from the Waterloo Smoking Prevention Project They also report the results of simulation studies carried out to assess the performance of their technique under various circumstances.     

美国军队大量雇佣女兵的原因分析——兼谈美国女兵的被虐与虐俘

伊拉克战场上美国女英雄的形象正在幻灭,这一奇怪的现象导致人们重新观察美国军队中女兵多的事实,两种现象的同样一种原因是美国社会长期存在的男女不平等.美国政府急于把妇女推向战场,并不是真正出于对妇女社会地位的重视,而是为了满足其称霸世界的政治利益需要,为此而参战的美国女兵,不仅不能成为英雄,而且必将成为"另类的炮灰".     

湘云易装卮言

史湘云易装的故事,是曹雪芹对中国历史上女扮男妆这一源远流长的文化现象的创造性解读的产 物,文章从女性服装的角度,展现了曹雪芹新的女性观,探索了女装的新的发展趋向,再现了新的历史条 件下的魏晋风度。     

Potential exposures and risks from beryllium-containing products.

Beryllium is the strongest of the lightweight metals. Used primarily in military applications prior to the end of the Cold War, beryllium is finding new applications in many commercial products, including computers, telecommunication equipment, and consumer and automotive electronics. The use of beryllium in nondefense consumer applications is of concern because beryllium is toxic. Inhalation of beryllium dust or vapor causes a chronic lung disease in some individuals at concentrations as low as 0.01 microg/m3 in air. As beryllium enters wider commerce, it is prudent to ask what risks this might present to the general public and to workers downstream of the beryllium materials industry. We address this question by evaluating the potential for beryllium exposure from the manufacturing, use, recycle, and disposal of beryllium-containing products. Combining a market study with a qualitative exposure analysis, we determine which beryllium applications and life cycle phases have the largest exposure potential. Our analysis suggests that use and maintenance of the most common types of beryllium-containing products do not result in any obvious exposures of concern, and that maintenance activities result in greater exposures than product use. Product disposal has potential to present significant individual risks, but uncertainties concerning current and future routes of product disposal make it difficult to be definitive. Overall, additional exposure and dose-response data are needed to evaluate both the health significance of many exposure scenarios, and the adequacy of existing regulations to protect workers and the public. Although public exposures to beryllium and public awareness and concern regarding beryllium risks are currently low, beryllium risks have psychometric qualities that may lead to rapidly heightened public concern.     

Costs and Rewards of Children: The Effects of Becoming a Parent on Adults' Lives

How do new parents differ from their childless counterparts in social and psychological resources, daily strains, and psychological well‐being? Using a nationally representative panel of 1,933 adults who were childless at the first interview, we compare 6 indicators of adults' lives for those who became parents and those remaining childless several years later, controlling for earlier states. Becoming a parent is both detrimental and rewarding. With the exception of social integration, which is greater for all groups of new parents compared with their childless counterparts, the effects of parental status on adults' lives vary markedly by gender and marital status. Unmarried parents report lower self‐efficacy and higher depression than their childless counterparts. Married mothers' lives are marked by more housework and more marital conflict but less depression than their childless counterparts. Parental status has little influence on the lives of married men.     

Valuation of childhood risk reduction: the importance of age, risk preferences, and perspective.

This article explores two problems analysts face in determining how to estimate values for children's health and safety risk reductions. The first addresses the question: Do willingness‐to‐pay estimates for health risk changes differ across children and adults and, if so, how? To answer this question, the article first examines the potential effects of age and risk preferences on willingness to pay. A summary of the literature reporting empirical evidence of differences between willingness to pay for adult health and safety risk reductions and willingness to pay for health and safety risk reductions in children is also provided. The second dimension of the problem is a more fundamental issue: Whose perspective is relevant when valuing children's health effects—society's, children's, adults‐as‐children, or parents'? Each perspective is considered, followed ultimately by the conclusion that adopting a parental perspective through an intrahousehold allocation model seems closest to meeting the needs of the estimation problem at hand. A policy example in which the choice of perspective affects the outcome of a regulatory benefit‐cost analysis rounds out the article and emphasizes the importance of perspective.     

女性堕落文本的互补性阐释--《月牙儿》、《沉香屑·第一炉香》比较

老舍、张爱玲对故事中的母性堕落蓝本、女性堕落心路历程、母女两代人生存命运的不同处理，使得《月牙儿》与《沉香屑·第一炉香》这两篇小说构成了文本阐释的某种互补性。这种互补性主要表现在两位作家在对女性堕落、人性畸变的成因进行探讨时，对社会性因素、人性因素的不同侧重和对文化因素不同层面的观照上。     

女大学生情商教育的探讨

情商是认识、调控和激励自我情感的能力,文章分析探讨了女大学生情商教育的现状,并在如何培养女大学生高情商和耐挫折能力方面提出了独特的见解.     

两性言语交际中的语用功能和文化属性探析

本文从话语量、话题控制和礼貌用语三个方面论述了两性言语交际过程中的用语特征,并从语用功能和文化属性二个层面对其特征进行了分析。最后指出:随着社会的发展和观念的更新,两性用语在言语交际过程中趋向于相互补充和混合,且更有助于交际。     

D·H·劳伦斯的起点和终点--评《白孔雀》与《查泰莱夫人的情人》创作主题的相似性和连续性

D·H·劳伦斯小说创作主题的相似性和连续性引人关注 ,其处女作《白孔雀》和最后一部长篇小说《查泰莱夫人的情人》十分典型地体现了这一特点 ,两者都有一个个性分裂的女主人公 ,一个反社会的守林人 ,一片代表现代社会最后的伊甸园的树林。本文拟就这三个方面具体阐述这两部作品的相似性和连续性