国际货物买卖合同法律适用问题分析

国际货物买卖合同双方当事人可以协议选择有关国际公约、国际惯例以及某一国或某几国的国内法为合同的准据法。若当事人选择的准据法不是一个完整的合同法律体系,应允许当事人再次选择,这样才能更好地体现意思自治原则。在一般情况下,若当事人选择了《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》为合同的准据法,合同的准据法就有可能不是单一的,同时还可能会有国际惯例或国内法为合同的准据法。国际货物买卖合同法律适用问题的复杂性应引起我们的注意。     

村民自治的公共选择研究

选举制度是民主制度的核心 ,选举的得失直接关系到民主的真实性。选举过程是选民和候选人的互动过程 ,他们为了各自的利益而进行角逐。必须以选举理论指导村民选举的实践     

Uncertainty Analysis for Computer Model Projections of Hurricane Losses

Projecting losses associated with hurricanes is a complex and difficult undertaking that is wrought with uncertainties. Hurricane Charley, which struck southwest Florida on August 13, 2004, illustrates the uncertainty of forecasting damages from these storms. Due to shifts in the track and the rapid intensification of the storm, real-time estimates grew from 2 to 3 billion dollars in losses late on August 12 to a peak of 50 billion dollars for a brief time as the storm appeared to be headed for the Tampa Bay area. The storm hit the resort areas of Charlotte Harbor near Punta Gorda and then went on to Orlando in the central part of the state, with early poststorm estimates converging on a damage estimate in the 28 to 31 billion dollars range. Comparable damage to central Florida had not been seen since Hurricane Donna in 1960. The Florida Commission on Hurricane Loss Projection Methodology (FCHLPM) has recognized the role of computer models in projecting losses from hurricanes. The FCHLPM established a professional team to perform onsite (confidential) audits of computer models developed by several different companies in the United States that seek to have their models approved for use in insurance rate filings in Florida. The team's members represent the fields of actuarial science, computer science, meteorology, statistics, and wind and structural engineering. An important part of the auditing process requires uncertainty and sensitivity analyses to be performed with the applicant's proprietary model. To influence future such analyses, an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis has been completed for loss projections arising from use of a Holland B parameter hurricane wind field model. Uncertainty analysis quantifies the expected percentage reduction in the uncertainty of wind speed and loss that is attributable to each of the input variables.     

On Block Updating in Markov Random Field Models for Disease Mapping

Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) models are commonly used to model spatial correlation in disease mapping applications. For Bayesian inference by MCMC, so far mainly single-site updating algorithms have been considered. However, convergence and mixing properties of such algorithms can be extremely poor due to strong dependencies of parameters in the posterior distribution. In this paper, we propose various block sampling algorithms in order to improve the MCMC performance. The methodology is rather general, allows for non-standard full conditionals, and can be applied in a modular fashion in a large number of different scenarios. For illustration we consider three different applications: two formulations for spatial modelling of a single disease (with and without additional unstructured parameters respectively), and one formulation for the joint analysis of two diseases. The results indicate that the largest benefits are obtained if parameters and the corresponding hyperparameter are updated jointly in one large block. Implementation of such block algorithms is relatively easy using methods for fast sampling of Gaussian Markov random fields ( Rue, 2001 ). By comparison, Monte Carlo estimates based on single-site updating can be rather misleading, even for very long runs. Our results may have wider relevance for efficient MCMC simulation in hierarchical models with Markov random field components.     

三维Minkowski空间中有相等主曲率函数的一类特殊曲面的位置向量场

讨论三维Minkowski空间R2 .1中一类特殊曲面在主曲率函数相等时的情形 ,给出了这类曲面在这一情形下的位置向量场     

汉语词义和词汇系统的历史演变初探——以“投”为例

词汇是一个系统,词义也是有系统性的。运用“概念要素分析法”来分析词义,可以更好地归纳词义,并厘清词义之间的联系及其历史发展。以概念场为背景,考察各个概念域中的成员及其分布在不同历史时期的演变,是研究词汇系统历史演变的一种有效的方法。     

2001年农村热点问题研究综述

文章选取了 2 0 0 1年农村热点问题中有代表性的问题加以研究论述 ,总结了学界在农民教育、村民自治、农民负担等方面的研究情况 ,并进行了简单的评述 ,对于了解有关问题的进展 ,为进一步研究理清思路 ,提供参考     

“哲学意味”与“补史之阙”

传统上西方人为小说辩护的理由是它“更富于哲学意味” ,中国人的辩护理由是它“有可观之辞”。从文化传播的角度看 ,小说的功能正在补正统文化之缺 ,后一种理由更符合实际。文人大规模地介入小说活动 ,使小说成为沟通各种文化的公共领域。 2 0世纪以后 ,西方出现了将哲学“非中心化”的主张 ;从鲁迅开始 ,中国现代小说摆脱“历史癖” ,强化了批判精神。当代小说仍应发挥传统 ,沟通文人的批判意识和民众智慧 ,采取积极策略     

“过劳死”现象应否纳入法律调整范围?——以重新界定现象的本质为切入

本文从人性的需求出发,着重分析了个体因自然属性、社会属性及其更高层次的个体人格的自我完善的要求,与其所处时代背景之间的矛盾,并认为这是导致过劳死发生的本质所在。以该本质为基础,文章具体分析了导致过劳死发生的四种具体原因,由此文章划分了应予法律规制的情形及不应纳入法律调整范畴的情形,并对该划分以正当性说明。     

英语功能语法学与英语教学

不同于传统语法所提供的各种语法规则,功能语法学是一种非常丰富的语言描述方法,它关注语言在各种社会语境中使用的不同形态;并且还观察语言所承担的各种社会功能以及对读者或听众所产生的影响。它应当被当成是传统语法的丰富和补充。同时,功能语法提供给教师的是一种很有效的深入理解语篇的方法,并为提高教学质量提供了很多启示。