市场经济条件下高校财务管理新模式探讨

市场经济条件下高校理财环境发生了前所未有的变化,把市场机制引入高校财务管理的问题已提上议事日程。以委托代理理论和科层管理理论为理论基础创造性地提出了市场经济条件下高校财务管理的新模式,以期对我国高等学校的有序、快速发展起到一定的积极作用。     

饭店类上市公司财务危机预警研究

财务危机预警分析正在成为企业提高管理水平的重要工具。我国上市饭店企业数量减少,经济效益总体差强人意。企业出现危机能够通过财务信息反映出来,将逻辑回归预警模型引入饭店企业管理中,有助于企业建立相应的预警应对机制,及时采取措施,以减少或消除财务危机带给企业的危害,提高上市饭店企业的竞争力。     

财务管理课程设计实施后的思考

采用层次采样法的整群抽样方法对合肥工业大学管理学院会计专业100名学生进行了调查,用四级李克特量表方法对收集到的数据进行量化评分,用EXCEL和加权平均法对数据进行了统计处理。根据统计分析结果绘制相应的图表,以获得学生对新课程设计实施后的满意度指标,进而有针对性地提出相关建议和改进措施。     

社会保险成本过高是否抑制企业投资?

社会保险成本过高是否抑制企业投资，从而阻碍实体经济发展?对此，文章利用工业企业微观数据实证检验了企业社保成本变动对投资率的影响.为缓解内生性问题，文章选择城市老年人比重作为工具变量.实证检验显示企业社保支出比重增加1个单位标准差，企业投资率约下降3.3%，能够解释企业投资率变动的6.4%，具有较强经济显著性.文章还探究了社保成本变动影响企业投资的内在机制，发现劳动成本渠道、生产率渠道以及融资约束渠道都得到相关经验证据的支持.研究结果说明降低企业社保成本的政策如果能够得到有效落实，将会刺激企业扩大投资，促进地区经济发展.     

区块链技术与国家财政治理

政府权责边界清晰、信息公开、高效的绩效监督是发展符合市场经济规律的现代财政治理体系的关键。我国财政治理体系在围绕关键点的发展过程中，面临财政资金使用效率低下、财政征管机制不健全、预算管理体系不完善、财政透明度不高等治理困境问题。以信息透明可追溯、数据不可篡改、分布式记账为特点的区块链技术，与财政治理中对数据公开、安全、准确的要求之间有着内在的耦合性。区块链技术有助于提升财政治理能力和优化财政治理体系，但还面临财政金融领域成熟应用较少、数据处理能力有限、存在数据安全隐患、灵活性不足，与政府财政治理理念存在差异等方面的挑战。为了应对这些挑战，应加强区块链在财政治理场景的尝试，优先发展跨机构的联盟链，强化中心化核心应用与非中心化区块链应用的混合模式发展，以及推动政府财政治理理念的创新。     

Global Warming Risk Perceptions in India

Few studies have focused on global warming risk perceptions among people in poor and developing countries, who are disproportionately impacted by climate change. This analysis conducts a comprehensive assessment of global warming risk perceptions in India using a national sample survey. Consistent with cultural theory, egalitarianism was positively associated with global warming risk perceptions. In addition, perceived vulnerability and resilience to extreme weather events were also two of the strongest factors associated with global warming risk perceptions. While worry was positively associated with risk perceptions, it accounted for only a small proportion of the variance, unlike studies in developed countries. Finally, the study also collected global warming affective images. The most common responses were “don't know” or “can't say” (25%), followed by “pollution” (21%), “heat” (20%), and “nature” (16%). The study finds that the predictors of global warming risk perceptions among the Indian public are both similar and different than those in developed countries, which has important implications for climate change communication in India.     

A Factor Analysis Approach Toward Reconciling Community Vulnerability and Resilience Indices for Natural Hazards

The concepts of vulnerability and resilience help explain why natural hazards of similar type and magnitude can have disparate impacts on varying communities. Numerous frameworks have been developed to measure these concepts, but a clear and consistent method of comparing them is lacking. Here, we develop a data-driven approach for reconciling a popular class of frameworks known as vulnerability and resilience indices. In particular, we conduct an exploratory factor analysis on a comprehensive set of variables from established indices measuring community vulnerability and resilience at the U.S. county level. The resulting factor model suggests that 50 of the 130 analyzed variables effectively load onto five dimensions: wealth, poverty, agencies per capita, elderly populations, and non–English-speaking populations. Additionally, the factor structure establishes an objective and intuitive schema for relating the constituent elements of vulnerability and resilience indices, in turn affording researchers a flexible yet robust baseline for validating and expanding upon current approaches.     

中国金融周期特征及其宏观经济效应

合理度量中国的金融周期，准确把握其特征与经济影响，对于维护国家金融安全、保持经济平稳运行具有重要意义。本文首次基于GARCH模型对M2、房价、股价、利率和汇率的缺口值进行动态赋权，进而合成中国的金融状况指数（Financial Conditions Index，FCI）并以此测算中国的金融周期，为尚处于探索期的中国金融周期测度提供了新的方法。在此基础上，采用MS模型分析中国金融周期的特征并首次考察了四区制情形。之后，借助VAR模型考察中国金融周期的宏观经济效应。研究发现：第一，各组成变量在FCI中的相对重要性应时而变，采用基于GARCH模型的动态赋权方法来测算中国的金融周期更加贴合现实；第二，中国金融周期在状态转换上具有较强的惰性，还具有扩张多而收缩少、扩张长而收缩短的双重非对称性特征，而且中国总体金融状况的失衡十分常见；第三，中国金融扩张对于产出仅有为时10个月的短期刺激作用，对于物价上涨则有着长达两年之久的推动作用。     

Inference for a change-point problem under an OU setting with unequal and unknown volatilities

An Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) process is employed as a versatile model to capture the mean-reverting and stochastic evolution of many variables in various fields of applications including finance and economics. Within the OU setting, we develop a new estimation method to determine the unknown change-point location under the assumption that the volatilities before and after the change point in a time series are unequal. Our method hinges on the concept of a weighted least sum of squared errors approach and enhanced by a fusion of an iterative algorithm. The consistency of the change-point estimator is established. This article highlights a numerical implementation on simulated and observed financial market data demonstrating the significant flexibility and accuracy of our proposed modelling and estimation method. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 48: 62–78; 2020 © 2019 Statistical Society of Canada     

政府行为、金融环境与区域创业差距——基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析

中国作为一个正处于转型过程中的发展中国家，创业活动类型和创业环境都与成熟市场经济国家存在很大差异，经济体系中呈现"强政府、弱市场"的资源配置格局，金融市场化尚不完善。研究中国的区域创业差距问题必须基于中国目前转型经济条件下的特殊背景。文章旨在解决以下两个问题：政府行为和金融约束对中国区域创业差距产生了怎样的影响?中国转型背景下政府行为和金融市场的特殊性是否会对中国区域创业产生不同于成熟市场经济的影响?文章在研究框架上对流行的创业折衷框架进行修正，创新性地引入政府的行政规范程度、非税负担变量和宏观流动性约束变量，建立省际面板数据模型，实证分析了政府行为和金融约束对中国区域创业差距的影响。研究结果表明：政府管制程度的提高，无论对生存型创业还是机会型创业都将产生抑制作用；信贷环境方面，在目前金融市场化尚不完善的背景下，银行信贷资金在中国整个企业融资体系中仍然占据主导地位，信贷约束的放松和信贷可获得性的增强对中国的机会型创业行为产生显著的促进作用。