Children's Coping with Marital Conflict: The Role of Conflict Expression and Gender

This study compared boys’ and girls’ coping responses to videotaped representations of marital conflict that varied in conflict content, tactic, and the gender of the parent engaging in conflict behaviour. Participants were 398 children (208 boys, 190 girls) aged 12–13 years old living in the United Kingdom. Child‐related conflict exchanges characterized by hostile behaviour (e.g., physical aggression) elicited greater mediation efforts by children. Children were more likely to mediate father‐enacted conflict. Girls, relative to boys, endorsed more mediation to fathers’ physical aggression and mothers’ pursuit of an issue and were more avoiding of mothers’ physical aggression and threats to intactness of the family. Findings underscore the importance of considering parent and child gender in determining children’s coping efforts in the context of interparental conflict.     

对一起典型继承纠纷案例的分析与思考

我国现行民事法律存在诸多漏洞,对继父母子女之间的继承权,未成年人的监护权,死者的遗体处分权,尚未取得所有权的房屋的继承问题等均未作出明确规定,在实践中带来许多不便之处。本案例集中体现了法律的以上缺陷,建议在修订民法过程中完善相关内容,便于法律的实施。     

Parent and Child Cognitive Representations of Social Situations and Children's Social Competence

The current study examines the relations among parent and child social information processing components and their links to children's social competence. Ninety‐seven kindergarten children and their mothers and fathers responded to open‐ended vignettes that involved conflict with a peer. Goals and strategies for both parents and children were assessed. Results show that there is some consistency between parents and children in the types of goals and strategies that are provided. Further, fathers’ and children's goals and strategies were related to children's social competence but only limited support for children's cognitions as a mediator between parental cognitions and peer competence was found. The implications for the role of social information processing in the development of children's social competence are noted.     

What are they hearing? The impact of perceptions of parental communication on youth

Work and family domains mutually influence one another in positive and negative ways. A fair amount of evidence supports the spillover effects between these two domains. In addition, research on crossover supports how one spouse may be influenced by another spouse's spillover. Much less evidence exists about how it affects other family members, especially children. This qualitative interpretive study explores emergent themes related to youth perceptions of how their parents' work–family spillover impacts them. Using crossover as a guiding framework, youth (N = 55) participated in a semistructured interview about their perceptions of their parents' communication regarding blending work and family and how it impacts those youth participants. The analysis of the transcribed interviews revealed several emergent themes related to youth awareness of and the impact of work–family integration issues as well as youth perceptions about their own futures. The results suggest the ways in which socialization occurs through a socially constructed view of work and family and the impact those constructions have on vocational decisions.     

学校训练体制研究

讨论了我国训练体制存在的问题,提出了建立以学校为主体进行优秀运动人才培养的学校训练体制,并对学校训练体制和其需要处理的问题进行了分析.     

A Weak Embrace: Popular and Scholarly Depictions of Single‐Parent Families, 1900 – 1998

The growth of single‐parent families constitutes one of the most dramatic and most studied social changes of the 20th century. Evolving attitudes toward these families have received less attention. This paper explores depictions of these families in representative samples of popular magazine (N = 474) and social science journal (N = 202) articles. Critical depictions of divorce plummeted between 1900 and 1998, a trend stemming not from any increase in favorable depictions but from the virtual disappearance of normative debate. Such de facto acceptance did not extend to nonmarital childbearing, however, depictions of which were almost as likely to be critical at the century’s end as at its beginning. These trends illustrate Americans’ ambivalent embrace of single‐parent families as a reality but not an ideal.     

星座图聚类法在化杀杂种小麦优势预测中的应用探讨

运用星座图聚类法对两年试验的化杀杂种小麦亲本进行了聚类、计算所得的综合指标值能较客观地反映化杀杂种小麦亲本的综合性状。结合各亲本的综合指标值与星座图将农艺亲本 (及CK)分为几大类群 ,取得了良好效果。研究表明 ,双亲综合指标值之差 (差值 )不能用来预测类群内组合的杂种优势与类群间组合的超标优势 ,但可用来预测类群间组合的平均优势。在类群间组合中 ,当差值较小时 ,可用之来预测类群亲本间的超标优势 (r =0 .751 2 ) ;当差值较大时 ,可用之来预测亲本间的平均优势与超标优势 (r =-0 .7690 与-0 .660 0 ) ,差值与类群间组合的杂种优势近似抛物线关系。研究同时表明 ,化杀杂种小麦强优势组合是在有综合性状好的丰产类农艺亲本存在下 ,与其它各具特色的农艺亲本共同形成的     

Sharing the care: the qualities sought of social workers by foster carers

Given that foster carers are a scarce resource it is essential that every effort is made to retain their services. This paper considers the role played by social workers in this endeavour. The results reported here form part of larger study, involving seven local authorities, concerned with the wider issues of supporting foster placements. The paper describes the qualities sought of social workers by foster carers and discusses the relationship between these qualities and the likelihood that carers will continue fostering. It was found that carers are highly satisfied with the job of fostering, are committed to it and view social workers as a vital source of support. Promoting good relationships between social workers and foster carers is therefore an important element in any strategy that aims to retain good foster carers.     

Infants who stay in foster care: child characteristics and permanency outcomes of legally free children first placed as infants

Despite growing concern in the United States about the number of children who are entering child welfare care as infants, little empirical attention has been given to the sizable group of these children who are not reunified with their biological families and who then remain in care for long periods. This study examined length of stay and permanency outcomes for 458 legally free children who initially entered out-of-home care as infants. Using a Cox proportional-hazards event history model, the study also explored the effects of race/ethnicity and gender on the likelihood of these children achieving a permanent placement (legalized adoption or guardianship) within a reasonable period of time. African–American children and boys were found to be significantly less likely to achieve permanence than Caucasian children or girls. Across all groups of children in the sample, however, long stays in care were the norm. These findings suggest the need for flexible approaches to permanency, for efforts to better differentiate among infants in care, and for attention to children's long-term developmental needs as well as to strategies that better assure placement stability.     

“家”的继承与延续——试析日本武家的家督继承制、养子制与家长隐居制度

日本武家的家制度与西欧各国和中国的家制度相比,极具特色。诸如家督继承制、养子制和家长隐居制度等,都是家制度中的代表。这三种制度本身各不相同,最终却殊途同归——都是为了“家”的长久延续。在这三种制度从不同角度达成了这个共同目的的同时,也对日本社会产生了一些其他影响。