现代化的扩散与乡村政治文化的变迁——以改革开放以来安徽和县浏塘村为例

文章遵循从基本理论到实证调查再到一般性结论的研究路径,从实证的角度去描述安徽一个普通村庄因现代化的扩散而导致的乡村政治文化的变迁,从而试图说明现代化的扩散对乡村政治文化变迁的影响。     

Emergent and effective properties in ecology and evolution

Emergent properties are often discussed in arguments concerning relationships among different levels. However, the different definitions of emergent properties sometimes confuse the arguments about macro-level phenomena, since some authors regard emergent properties not only as observable global patterns but as properties that affect and cause change in ecological and evolutionary processes. Thus it is important to distinguish higher-level or larger-scale properties that can influence particular ecological and evolutionary processes from those that cannot. I call the former properties effective properties. I gave examples that show why the distinctions between effective and non-effective properties are important.     

The availability of personal and external coping resources: Thier impact on job stress and employee attitudes during organizational restructuring

This study examines the relationships among personal coping resources, social support, external coping resources, job stressors and job strains in a sample of 110 American Telephone and Telegraph employees undergoing a major organizational restructuring. The study expanded on a model suggested by Ashford (1988) by defining another category of coping resources that employees may draw upon to deal with the stressors and strains which occur during major organizational changes. External coping resources were defined as those which provided employees with a sense of 'vicarious control' in stressful situations. Results indicated that personal coping resources, social support and external coping resources had a direct effect upon job stressor and strain levels. No 'buffering' effect of these coplng resources was found. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that external coping resources added to the prediction of job stressors and strains even when pertonal coping resources and social support were entered first into the prediction questions.     

Consortium for Atlantic Regional Assessment: Information Tools for Community Adaptation to Changes in Climate or Land Use

To inform local and regional decisions about protecting short-term and long-term quality of life, the Consortium for Atlantic Regional Assessment (CARA) provides data and tools (for the northeastern United States) that can help decision makers understand how outcomes of their decisions could be affected by potential changes in both climate and land use. On an interactive, user-friendly website, CARA has amassed data on climate (historical records and future projections for seven global climate models), land cover, and socioeconomic and environmental variables, along with tools to help decision makers tailor the data for their own decision types and locations. CARA Advisory Council stakeholders help identify what information and tools stakeholders would find most useful and how to present these; they also provide in-depth feedback for subregion case studies. General lessons include: (1) decision makers want detailed local projections for periods short enough to account for extreme events, in contrast to the broader spatial and temporal observations and projections that are available or consistent at a regional level; (2) stakeholders will not use such a website unless it is visually appealing and easy to find the information they want; (3) some stakeholders need background while others want to go immediately to data, and some want maps while others want text or tables. This article also compares what has been learned across case studies of Cape May County, New Jersey, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Hampton Roads, Virginia, relating specifically to sea-level rise. Lessons include: (1) groups can be affected differently by physical dangers compared with economic dangers; (2) decisions will differ according to decision makers' preferences about waiting and risk tolerance; (3) future scenarios and maps can help assess the impacts of dangers to emergency evacuation routes, homes, and infrastructure, and the natural environment; (4) residents' and decision makers' perceptions are affected by information about potential local impacts from global climate change.     

论诺思的制度变迁理论

美国华盛顿大学经济学教授、新经济史学的代表人物诺思的制度变迁理论,在西方经济学界有很大的影响,传入中国后很快为中国大多数经济学家所接受。该理论具有重大的理论价值和实践意义。文章首先介绍制度和制度变迁这两个概念;然后阐述制度变迁理论的主要内容;最后谈该理论对我国改革的启示。     

一类Kermack—Mckandrick方程组初值问题

本文研究描述传染病现象的一类Kermack—Mekandrick方程组初值问题光滑解整体存在唯一性及渐近性质。     

清初治滇述论

清朝初年,特别是平定“三藩之乱”后的二三十年间,是云南实现由乱到治的关键时期。清朝统治者在总结和借鉴历代治滇思想和治策的基础上,经过不断调整、充实,逐步形成了一套相对完整的治滇治策体系,其治策涉及云南的政治、经济、文化等领域,较为切合当时社会发展的实际,成为其后清朝统治云南的治边思想和治策。     

“七月流火”与北豳物候俗解

"七月流火"是《诗经·豳风·七月》中的名句,历来解释"火"为心宿之大火星,"流"为向西偏下。其意是言七月大火星向西偏下预示七月天已寒凉,是古代天文现象的真实记录。但据《七月》产地北豳的物候特征及《诗经》对"火"字的运用体例考量,以直觉通俗的眼光释"七月流火"为七月天热得像下火像着火,非但与豳地气候相应而未尝不可,或许与古诗的原貌更为切贴。     

Changing Gender: The Discursive Construction of Equal Opportunities

This article provides a discursive perspective on the dilemmas of sameness and difference feminisms and their consequences for change projects. It explores how equal opportunity officers dealing with gender issues and introducing equality legislation in practice construct the meaning of equal opportunities. The analysis of the interpretative repertoires and ideological dilemmas drawn upon in ten interviews shows the highly context‐specific use of four different repertoires constructing gender equality: the sameness, difference, bandwidth and deconstructive repertoire. Interpreting the shifts between repertoires from the perspective of the ideological dilemma, new avenues for change are explored. The article concludes that the simultaneous use of all possible theoretical perspectives might be a worthwhile objective.     

当代中国价值观念的变迁及其现实选择

全球化使当代中国价值观念的变迁凸显出多样性和复杂性,其表现为:价值取向从整体向个体的转变,价值追求从道义导向向利益导向的转变,价值标准从一元性向多元性的转变。面对多样而复杂的价值观念,必须赋予主导价值观以时代内涵,建构新型集体主义。