人类活动对翼手类生存环境的影响

翼手类捕食农林昆虫,对人类有益。其粪便和肉可入药,与人类关系密切。人类活动主要通过对其栖息环境和食等方面,影响翼手类的种类、数量和分布。影响翼手类栖息地的主要因素有：人类生产活动对森林的砍伐和开垦、自然洞穴的开发利用、房屋结构的改变和水工建筑等。影响翼手类的保护,随着人为活动的增加,翼手类的栖息环境将更加恶化,种类和数量将愈来愈少。     

嵌入式动员：党建引领农村基层社会治理——以农村人居环境整治为例

实现农村社会有效治理,需要基层党组织将党建引领的组织优势和群众优势转化为治理效能。以山东省S县刘村的农村人居环境治理为案例,研究党建引领基层社会治理的“嵌入式动员”机制,其特征是通过党组织建设、组织嵌入与组织动员三阶段实现基层自治。首先,基层党组织通过成员建设、制度建设以及愿景重塑,焕发组织活力;其次,基层党组织运用身份嵌入、知识嵌入、文化嵌入和制度嵌入四重嵌入的路径机制将党建融入地方社会,重塑党群关系;最后,通过党组织自身建设和组织嵌入之后的政治动员与社会动员,达成农村社会治理的综合实践,以取得良好的基层治理成效。     

清晖流响 风格即人——吴均之“格调”论

以《与朱元思书》为代表,吴均与友人书札的山水小品,其清峻脱俗而又不失富丽精工的格调,绝立于"绮縠纷披,宫徵糜曼"的齐梁文坛。同时也营造一种清新恬淡的"无我之境"。     

Patterns of human disturbance and response by small mammals and birds in chaparral near urban development

We report on the extent of disturbance (including habitat alteration and road and trail proliferation) in chaparral near urban development and analyze the effects of disturbance on small mammal and resident bird species. Disturbance patterns were evaluated in a 6700 ha study area in southern California: effects on mammals and birds were investigated by analyzing relationships between vegetation structure and animal species richness and abundance. Disturbance was prevalent throughout the study area and included extensive human-altered habitat (from past human activities such as vegetation clearing, human-caused fires, refuse dumping, and vegetation trampling) and 157 km of roads and trails. A nonsignificant trend was found between human-altered habitat and proximity to development, but human-altered habitat was significantly associated with roadway proximity. Trails were also more frequent near urban development and roads. Small mammals responded strongly to disturbance-related vegetation changes, while birds showed little or no response. Mammals endemic to chaparral vegetation were less diverse and abundant in disturbed sites, whereas disturbance-associated species increased in abundance. Close proximity of urban development to natural areas resulted in alteration of natural habitat and proliferation of roads and trails. Variation in life history traits between birds and mammals may affect response to disturbance and influence persistence if disturbance continues. Conservation efforts must recognize the potential for habitat damage and associated declines in native animal species caused by disturbance near urbanization and implement strategies to reduce these threats.     

劳伦斯思想张力的诗意栖息——评电影《查太莱夫人》

电影《查太莱夫人》将劳伦斯矛盾对抗又和谐统一的思想张力以女性的视角、诗意的电影语言重新解读,一方面用对比的叙事策略将文明与自然的冲突以象征的形式表现在荧屏之上,同时,又强化了两性关系中彼此的“温柔”对两性融合的关键作用。可以说这部电影是劳伦斯张力思想的诗意栖息,部分体现了原著的思想内涵,又带有较为明显的女性主义色彩。     

万荣笑话的社会文化价值研究

万荣笑话产生于当地族群所处生境与民众习焉不察的日常生活中。万荣笑话大多形式短小精悍,折射出民众的生活百态,能够宣泄民从情感,娱乐百姓生活;还能维系人际关系,促进社会稳定;具有重要的社会文化价值。     

Impact of urbanization on the water quality,fish habitat,and fish community of a Lake Ontario marsh,Frenchman’s Bay

Frenchman’s Bay is a barrier beach wetland with a highly urbanized watershed located east of Toronto, along the north shore of Lake Ontario. Degradation of water quality has reduced the historically large stand of emergent vegetation to fringe emergent beds to the north and south of the Bay. Altered hydrology and runoff from the urban watershed and a nearby major highway have resulted in poor water quality, and warmer waters at the northern site. By contrast, the southern site has considerably cleaner and cooler water, as it is influenced by exchange of good-quality water with Lake Ontario. These differences in water quality were reflected in the composition of the fish assemblages that were sampled at the two sites over a 2-year period. Comparisons with past studies indicate that the dominant fish community of Frenchman’s Bay has been relatively stable for the last 20 years. Scores for the Wetland Fish Index, an indicator of wetland condition, were significantly higher in the south site than in the north site, which corresponded to significant differences in Water Quality Index scores. Although the northern portion of Frenchman’s Bay shows clear signs of degradation, the southern portion contains important fish habitat for western Lake Ontario.     

Distribution of neotropical migratory bird species across an urbanizing landscape

Urbanization leads to long-term modification of landscapes by habitat loss, fragmentation, and the creation of new habitats. Species’ distributions respond to these modifications of habitat availability, but the combination of parameters and scale at which habitat alteration most strongly influences species distributions is poorly understood. We evaluated responses of neotropical migratory birds, a group known to be sensitive to habitat modification, across a gradient of urbanization in the southeastern United States. Thirteen Breeding Bird Survey routes, each with 40 to 50 point counts, were used to quantify species richness across the gradient of urbanization extending from downtown areas of Columbus, GA to natural woodlands. Buffers of 100, 200, and 1000 m radii were constructed from remote images around each counting point to quantify land-use with the goal of evaluating land-use parameters and scales that best described spatial variation in migrant bird species richness. Within each buffer we quantified the proportion of each cover type and within the 1000 m buffers we included several configuration parameters. We used an information-theoretic approach to separate models whose predictor variables were land-use parameters. Because measures of landscape configuration were all correlated with urban cover, these variables were entered separately. In 2002, the best model was composed of large-scale urban cover (negative effect) and mid-scale mixed hardwoods (negative and positive effect) and transitional cover (negative and positive effect) as well as the interaction between the latter two terms (positive effect). In 2003, the best model was composed of weighted edge density (negative effect), mid-scale mixed hardwood cover (negative and positive effect) and large scale transitional cover (positive effect) and the interaction between mixed hardwoods and weighted edge density (positive effect). Our results indicate that large scale habitat attributes influence the local species richness of migrant birds more than smaller scales. These results also indicate that urbanization, through increased urban cover or increasing edge contrast, has strong negative effects on species richness. Our findings support the contention that the conservation value of small woodlots in urban settings may be minimal and suggest that conservation of migratory birds will be best achieved by giving higher priority to sites where urban cover is still low and by preserving large areas of “green space” in urbanizing landscapes. The negative influence of urban cover combined with relatively minor effects of non-urban habitats on distributions of neotropical migratory birds indicates that continued urbanization of landscapes is a serious concern for conservation efforts.     

Spatial pattern indices based on distances between individuals on a line-segment with finite length

Summary Let us consider a strip-wise habitat of line-segment, like a corridor, to simplify the subject mathematically, and assume that the length of the habitat is γ and there aren individuals. Here, we assume that the spatial pattern of the individuals is random if then distances from the left end of the habitat to each individual follow a uniform distribution on the strip. Under such an assumption, the variance of the distances between any two neighbors is represented by the formulanθ ²(n+1)⁻²(n+2)⁻¹ and the variance betweenn+1 distances betweenn individuals from the left end to the right end to the strip, is represented by the formulanθ ²(n+1)⁻²(n+2)⁻¹. These two kinds of variances can be used for determining (1) the spatial pattern of a population on the strip and (2) the spatial structure within the population, by comparison with the variances calculated from the data. Two examples cited from the literature, a cattle population on a pasture and an aphid population on a sycamore leaf, are presented.     

Use of urban habitats by coyotes in the vicinity of Banff Alberta

Little information is available on the degree to which coyotes (Canis latrans) use urban habitats. In the past, interactions between coyotes and humans have precipitated several instances of coyote aggression towards humans. Consequently, I analyzed use of urban habitats by coyotes and the possibilities for aggressive encounters with humans. In this study, 11 radio-collared coyotes were monitored between July 1991 and September 1992. Use/availability analysis demonstrated a clear difference in use of natural habitats between summer and winter. Urban habitats were used in direct proportion to availability during all time periods, except during the day in summer when coyotes avoided intense human activity. Campgrounds were not an attraction during either season. For the most part, coyotes in the vicinity of Banff used habitats available to them regardless of human activity. Evidence does not suggest the coyote population in the vicinity of Banff is predisposed to aggression due to familiarity with humans. The relationship between the data and coyote aggression towards humans is discussed.