鲁迅在元话语层面和自由主义的对话

鲁迅与自由主义的关系必须区分为元话语层面和实践层面进行分析。近年来对于鲁迅是不是自由主义者的争论在很大程度上正是对这两个层面未加区分的结果。本文主要从鲁迅与自由主义在元话语层面的对话这一角度进行讨论,认为鲁迅与自由主义看似内核一致的个人主义其实是恰好相反的两种类型,鲁迅批判继承了尼采等思想家的力量派个人主义,并对具有"奴隶道德"特征的权利派个人主义及以之为基础的自由主义进行了元话语层面的批判。鲁迅并且在这一认识的基础上建立了主奴认识模式和"立人"、改造国民性思想,并把这一思想后来运用到包括自由主义在内的各种思想的实践批判中。     

关于建国后27年文学现代性的思考

建国后27年文学是否具现代性的问题是近几年学界讨论的一个热点问题。否定论者把个体人性价值作为文学现代性的唯一标准,并将个性主义与集体主义、社会解放与个性解放完全对立起来,从而认定现代性断裂的观点难以让人接受。文学现代性应是一个综合指标,它以具有内在联系的多种形态存在于27年文学之中。个性主义作为一种被压抑的现代性在中国现代文化语境的压力下也顽强地存在于一些政治化文本的潜在层面,留下了难以擦抹的痕迹。     

语言混乱与草原"共有地"

本文以整体主义的进路讨论与草原共有地的治理有关的问题。基于实地调查的材料,本文首先讨论治理草原退化的经济学主流方案的假设前提:方法论个体主义的语境限制性。其次,本文指出,与“共有地悲剧”论看似相反的奥斯特罗姆模式,实际上与前者的方法论前提和假设是一致的,解释力也是有限的。再次,本文引用民族志资料,从一个牧业社区的历史过程和社会制度,讨论那里的草原共有地管理以及草场管理规则的“混乱”。最后,本文将秩序建立等“宏大问题”与牧业生计特征和牧人的时间地理现实等联系起来讨论。     

Neither individualism nor anti-individualism: The coevolution of social systems and psychic systems

Major paradigms in sociology and social sciences usually embrace either individualism or anti-individualism as fundamental worldview. This paper explores a third way between individualism and anti-individualism developed by German sociologist Niklas Luhmann in his systems theory. Luhmann treats actors or individuals as psychic systems and he distinguishes them from social systems. In a nutshell, social systems produce communication, whereas psychic systems produce consciousness. In line with anti-individualism, Luhmann therefore argues that social systems are irreducible to psychic systems and their actions. On the other hand, Luhmann joins ranks with individualism to assert that psychic systems are not rigorously constrained by social systems. Ultimately, Luhmann explains that social systems and psychic systems are part of each other's environment and that each type of systems provides the ecological conditions that the other type depends on to emerge and grow. To discuss this third way between individualism and anti-individualism, the paper examines more specifically two central points in Luhmann's theory: (1) how social systems and psychic systems are separated from each other, and (2) how social systems and psychic systems are coevolving.     

论儒学合理群体主义

儒学道德精神基本价值观可概括为"合理群体主义",它是达到义精仁熟之高境地的行为规范和思维模式。它体现了不平等中的平等精神、诚正无私的爱心和对独立人格的颂扬。倡导合理群体主义,就必须反对"极端个人主义"。但是反对"极端个人主义",并不意味着对以"个人主义"为价值取向的学术思想进行简单否定,也不是在实践中彻底拒绝个人主义的行为方式,因为个人主义包含着诸如追求个人幸福、平等和自由,个性发展与完善,人格独立的合理因素,这些都要予以肯定,使之成为合理群体主义思想体系的有机组成部分。合理群体主义是建设具有中华民族特色新文化新道德的基本点,也是人类文明与幸福、社会和谐与进步的思想保证。     

个人主义:近代民主政治的理论基础

个人主义以社会契约与自然权利为理论工具,批判封建专制的"君权神授"学说,提出"人民主权"理论、分权制衡与法治思想,不仅打开通向民主政治的大门,而且为宪政民主提供了坚实的理论基础和法律保障。     

Biospheric values as predictor of climate change risk perception: A multinational investigation

Climate change is one of the big challenges of our time. A better understanding of how individuals form their evaluation of the risk related to climate change seems to be key to win broad support for climate change mitigation efforts. Extant research indicates that biospheric values (BV) are an important antecedent of individuals’ perception of the risk and consequences related to climate change. However, risk perception scholars have only recently started to study how BV relate to individuals’ climate change risk perception (CCRP) and much is still to be learned about this relationship. The present study contributes to this growing literature by studying the BV–CCRP relationship in a multinational context. The results suggest that the BV – CCRP relationship varies in strength between different countries. These differences can be explained in part by societies’ cultural leanings (i.e., individualism vs. collectivism) and societies’ wealth. The present research adds to our understanding of why individuals in different countries perceive climate change related risk differently and how this perception is shaped differently by biospheric values in different countries. In this way, the findings help to build a more nuanced theory of how CCRP are formed. The presented results also have implications for policymakers and NGOs who wish to increase individuals’ engagement with climate change and its consequences in different populations. In particular, the findings suggests that it might be necessary to use different strategies in different societies to achieve a greater awareness of climate change related risks.     

试论《女神》中个体意识与民族意识的矛盾运动及其审美表现形式

《女神》作为中国现代个性主义文学主题最宏大的表现形式，它的主题和风格是在其个性主义的本质表现与其对个性主义的超越追求的矛盾运动中形成的。对自我个性主义本质的超越，和对自我个性主义本质在实际上的不能超越，两者所构成的内在矛盾，构成了《女神》的基本美学特征。