“个人主义”与中国现代散文

个人主义思想与中国现代散文的发生发展具有密切的关系。现代散文随着西方“个人主义”思想在中国的传播而产生。五四时期,“个人主义”孕育了现代散文的思想内容和散文理论的变革。1920年代,“个人主义”思想影响了现代散文的发展与创作特征,促进了现代散文的潮流分化。1930年代,“个人主义”的结构性矛盾促发了现代散文领域的论争。“个人主义”思想因其固有的局限性和矛盾性,在特定历史时期遭到了抵制和批判,但是它却丰富了现代散文的风格和特征,在文学史上占有重要位置。     

埃尔斯特与《理解马克思》——社会科学家视角的“分析的”马克思主义研究进路

西方＂分析的马克思主义＂现象的重要代表人物埃尔斯特,在其分析马克思文本《理解马克思》这一著作中,运用历史社会学的＂历史语境＂,阐释了自己对于马克思及其论题的理解,充分体现出其＂分析的＂方法论进路,表现出一种对严密和明晰的风格的坚持,《理解马克思》的出版源于埃尔斯特广泛的研究涉猎以及对马克思研究的回归。埃尔斯特观察马克思如何解释和以什么方式来解释社会现象,认为在这个解释过程中并存着＂方法论的个体主义＂与＂方法论的集体主义＂两种方法论主张;与方法论密切相关的是三个层次的社会科学解释模式,包括亚意图因果解释和超意图因果解释所构成的因果分析;＂超个体的实体＂的存在则被用于定义＂方法论的集体主义＂原则。透过对埃尔斯特著作及其方法论主张的了解,人们能更加清晰地理解＂分析的马克思主义＂现象,从而加深对＂如何理解马克思（主义）＂这一问题的认识。     

美国的个人主义与中国的集体主义

本文从历史与现实角度简要分析了美国的个人主义与中国的集体主义,并用实例论证了处于不同的文化背景与社会环境中的人们所持有的价值观念也是不同的。     

波普尔政治哲学的方法及其困境

波普尔政治哲学的方法论个人主义认为,社会制度和社会进程必须依照个人及其关系和行为的无意识结果来阐释.他企图以这种方法论去取代、吞噬马克思社会理论的方法论整体主义.但是,个人主义方法作为一种意识形态的方法论论证模式,在与马克思的唯物史观对抗中已经出现逻辑上的混乱,因而使自身置于不能自拔的困境之中.波普尔方法论个人主义陷入困境的全部症结在于其原子式个人主义的哲学根基,原子式个人主义暴露了沉沦于现代形而上学建制的自由主义理念的弊病和根本缺陷.马克思对现代形而上学的批判,宣告了波普尔政治哲学方法论的终结.     

笛福作品中人物的经济个人主义特征

英国18世纪著名小说家笛福,是处在资本主义上升时期的伟大作家,由于其生活的社会背景影响其文学作品中的人物体现了明显的经济个人主义特征,其笔下的人物大都家庭关系简单,视金钱为最大的追求,重视契约和账目,追求个人生活的独立。     

从餐桌文化看中西文化的面子观差异

餐桌文化在当今社会人们的跨文化交际活动中扮演着越来越重要的角色,中西方文化的面子观差异从餐桌文化中可以管窥一侧。中西餐桌文化从餐桌氛围、劝酒文化、点菜习惯及餐桌话语都体现出中西文化的面子观差异。虽然中西餐桌文化在人际交往中都注意到了面子,但由于历史条件、文化基础和思维方式的不同,两种餐桌文化表现出不同的面子观文化。中国人在餐桌交际时往往采用积极的面子策略,体现了以群体取向为主的中国文化的价值观,西方人在餐桌交际时侧重采用消极面子策略,体现了以个体意识为核心的面子特征。面子文化只有差异,没有对错与优劣之分。为了确保跨文化交际的顺利进行,我们要尊重并包容面子文化差异。     

面向知识社会的人才

富有个性、创新精神和科学文化素质健康协调发展 ,是知识社会人才的重要特征。同时 ,他们也还应当具有社会主义初级阶段观念、竞争效能观念、开放观念、主体观念、民主法治观念和终身学习的观念     

Applying the matching law as micro-foundation of social phenomena

Social phenomena are suggested to be explained by the matching law - an empirical regularity of individual behaviour. While a considerable amount of psychological research on this law exists, only a few sociological applications can be found. This paper points to the problems that come with its usage as micro-foundation of social behaviour and provides solutions. In particular, a model of melioration learning enables the derivation of social phenomena from the matching law. The proposed approach is illustrated by the application of the learning model to the volunteer's dilemma. In contrast to game-theoretical solutions, the matching law leads to more intuitive results in case of the asymmetric dilemma. The relationship between the matching law and utility maximisation is discussed by its integration into economic consumer theory.     

‘Modern’ parenting and the uses of childcare advice in post-war England

In the post-war English media, ‘modern’ parenting referred to psychologically inspired styles of parenting drawn from professionals. Drawing on archived social-science interviews with over 600 families, this article considers what ‘modern’ parenting meant in the vernacular. It explores the emergence of a group of working-class parents who felt ‘modern’ because they had adopted whichever style of parenting they felt ‘right’ for their child, whatever its source. These parents personalized ‘modern’ ideas found in the mass media, using them to justify choices which they had already made. They came to identify as flexible, adaptive, parents, rather than as people who unquestioningly implemented someone else’s ideas. Using reflexive models of selfhood, they produced a syncretic amalgamation of ideas about parenting, which were drawn, simultaneously, from childcare professionals, members of their communities and their own intuitions. This allowed them to fashion unique styles of parenting, tailored to their children. Rethinking what was ‘modern’ and ‘traditional’ let them reconceive parenting as a personal matter, not as something which professionals or kin should dictate. The post-war fixation on the self was therefore consonant with the ‘reworking’ of class, rather than with its declining salience in English society.     

De-individualising autobiography: a reconsideration of the role of autobiographical life writing within disability studies

This article pursues a reconsideration of the role of autobiographical life writing within the context of disability studies. I respond to concerns that this genre tends toward a problematic and politically limiting individualism that undermines the consideration of disability as a social phenomenon, reproduces the depiction of disabled people as isolated outcasts, and replicates the meritocratic myths of personal achievement that dominate contemporary western capitalism. While not rejecting these concerns in their entirety, I attempt to develop a particular set of reading practices that may be productively employed to strategically work against the individualising tendencies of autobiographical life writing. These strategies include a commitment to seeing the realm of the ‘private’ as social, reading auto/biographically, and seeking to deconstruct the narrative myth of the liberal humanist ‘choosing’ subject. In conclusion, I offer a brief discussion of the particular ethical and methodological opportunities created by the greater consideration of these texts within disability studies.