The Paradox of Risk: Historically Black College/University Students and Sexual Health

Abstract

Objective: This literature review provides an analysis of the current state of the empirical research on sexual health among students attending historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Methods: Several electronic databases were used to identify 24 empirical studies that met criteria for inclusion in this review. Results: The results indicated that perceived human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk, religiosity, HIV testing, condom use, and substance use were as high or higher for black HBCU students in comparison with students of other racial/ethnic groups. Comment: Consistent with past findings, sexually transmitted infections continue to be of concern among HBCU students, as seen in the general black population. Limitations: This review only examined cross-sectional studies published between 2000 and 2013. Conclusions: The findings in this review suggest the importance of moving beyond individual risk models to examining structural barriers and assets related to promoting sexual health on HBCU campuses.     

Difficulties in Diagnosing Sexual Abuse in Children with Condyloma Acuminata in Turkey

Human papillomavirus is responsible for anogenital warts and could be regarded as an indicator of possible sexual abuse in children. A genital wart was detected during an investigation of anti–hepatitis C virus positivity in a four-year-old male patient. No pathological findings of another sexually transmitted disease were found except complete cleft palate and circumferential lesions in the perianal region. No family member was anti-hepatitis C virus positive, but the patient's uncle and his wife had genital condylomata. Although detailed physical examination uncovered no other findings indicative of sexual abuse, suspicion of abuse could not be eliminated. Therefore, we wanted to draw the attention of health professionals to the association of anogenital warts and sexual abuse.     

A Qualitative Analysis of Cultural and Social Vulnerabilities to HIV Infection Among Gay,Lesbian, and Bisexual Asian Youth

Abstract

The study reported here was undertaken to investigate cultural and social barriers that may increase HIV risk among gay, lesbian, and bisexual Asian youth. Interviews and focus groups were used to collect the data because they are well suited for this type of exploratory research. A total of 15 gay, lesbian, and bisexual Asian youth (7 females and 8 males) were recruited. Most of the participants (n = 11) self-identified as lesbian or gay. The mean age was 20.7, ranging from 17 to 24. Twelve participated in one of three focus groups while the remaining three were interviewed. Categories and themes identified include: (1) the lack of sex education at home, (2) homophobia in Asian families, (3) unresponsive health and social service providers, (4) lack of social support, (5) negative stereotypes, (6) ideal standards of beauty, and (7) negative perceptions of safer sex practices among Asian lesbian and bisexual women. HIV prevention strategies are suggested based on the recommendations and needs of our participants.     

老年人肺部感染的临床特点和治疗策略

目的探讨老年人肺部感染的临床特点,以便指导诊治.方法将1509例肺部感染患者,根据年龄不同分为2组:20～59岁为非老年组(658例),≥60岁为老年组(851例).分别对其临床表现进行比较分析.结果早期肺部感染无典型肺部症状者,老年组和非老年组分别占29.8%和9.1%:发热者分别占68.6%和94.4%;院内感染者分别占20.8%和7.9%;MODS分别占16.8%和3.8%;病死率分别占20.4%和2.9%,各项比例老年组与非老年组均有显著差异(P＜0.01).结论老年人肺部感染症状复杂而不典型,易发生呼吸衰竭,伴随疾病及并发症多,院内感染及二次以上感染者多,病死率高.     

基于模仿传染模型的比特币羊群效应分析

运用行为金融学的相关理论对比特币交易市场中的羊群效应进行分析,研究结果表明,比特币投资者的市场预期及依据市场预期所采取的投机行为与比特币价格相互影响,使投资者之间相互模仿,从而产生了羊群效应;根据比特币系统的设计原理,市场结构的变化将引起更强的羊群效应,表现为价格更剧烈地波动。从规范的角度来看,应强化比特币基本价值的信息披露、强化网络安全,弱化比特币交易的传染系数、减小其羊群效应,让市场机制和经济主体的理性决策决定比特币投资市场的运行和发展。     

A model of toxoplasmosis incidence in the UK: evidence synthesis and consistency of evidence

Summary.  We present a Bayesian evidence synthesis model combining data on seroprevalence, seroconversion and tests of recent infection, to produce estimates of current incidence of toxoplasmosis in the UK. The motivation for the study was the need for an estimate of current average incidence in the UK, with a realistic assessment of its uncertainty, to inform a decision model for a national screening programme to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis. The model has a hierarchical structure over geographic region, a random-walk model for temporal effects and a fixed age effect, with one or more types of data informing the regional estimates of incidence. Inference is obtained by using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations. A key issue in the synthesis of evidence from multiple sources is model selection and the consistency of different types of evidence. Alternative models of incidence are compared by using the deviance information criterion, and we find that temporal effects are region specific. We assess the consistency of the various forms of evidence by using cross-validation where practical, and posterior and mixed prediction otherwise, and we discuss how these measures can be used to assess different aspects of consistency in a complex evidence structure. We discuss the contribution of the various forms of evidence to estimated current average incidence.     

A Risk Analysis for Airborne Pathogens with Low Infectious Doses: Application to Respirator Selection Against Coccidioides immitis Spores

Probability models incorporating a deterministic versus stochastic infectious dose are described for estimating infection risk due to airborne pathogens that infect at low doses. Such pathogens can be occupational hazards or candidate agents for bioterrorism. Inputs include parameters for the infectious dose model, distribution parameters for ambient pathogen concentrations, the breathing rate, the duration of an exposure period, the anticipated number of exposure periods, and, if a respirator device is used, distribution parameters for respirator penetration values. Application of the models is illustrated with a hypothetical scenario involving exposure to Coccidioides immitis, a fungus present in soil in areas of the southwestern United States Inhaling C. immitis spores causes a respiratory tract infection and is a recognized occupational hazard in jobs involving soil dust exposure in endemic areas An uncertainty analysis is applied to risk estimation in the context of selecting respiratory protection with a desired degree of efficacy.     

跨国公司人才本地化策略对我国的影响及其对策

随着经济全球性发展新趋势的出现,竞争能力的体现关键在于人才的竞争。人才本地化策略是跨国公司为了提高其国际竞争实力的新战略,是利用本地人力资源优势为其服务,并为其提供占领本地市场和提供适合于本地化需求的新思维。人才本地化策略将为我国跨国经营企业带来机遇和挑战,应充分考虑带来的有利和不利影响,把不同的策略结合起来,达到趋利避害的目的。     

Effects of Surface Material,Ventilation, and Human Behavior on Indirect Contact Transmission Risk of Respiratory Infection

Infectious particles can be deposited on surfaces. Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection. The exposure and infection risk contributed by this transmission route depend on indoor surface material, ventilation, and human behavior. In this study, quantitative infection risk assessments were used to compare the significances of these factors. The risks of three pathogens, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus, in an aircraft cabin and in a hospital ward were assessed. Results showed that reducing the contact rate is relatively more effective than increasing the ventilation rate to lower the infection risk. Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials. In the cases considered in this study, halving the ventilation rate and doubling the hand contact rate to surfaces and the hand contact rate to mucous membranes would increase the risk by 3.7–16.2%, 34.4–94.2%, and 24.1–117.7%, respectively. Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces. These findings provide more consideration for infection control and building environmental design.     

60例老年肺部感染患者原因分析及护理体会

目的探讨老年患者肺部感染的护理对策。方法收集我院2012～2013年收治的60例高龄患者肺部感染治疗的情况进行护理剖析。结果 60例肺部感染高龄患者治疗结果有效。其中25例患者得以痊愈,好转患者26例,死亡患者9例。结论对老年肺部感染患者给予有效的护理措施,可以改善患者预后,提高生活质量。