信息控制与篇章构建

建构篇章以传递信息为目的。篇章是个控制论系统 ,信息编码者在操作时必须考虑解码者对所传递信息前提的认知能力以及对信息本身的解读能力 ,从而对编码方式做出调整。在宏观结构上 ,篇章的信息分布应表现出有序性并形成信息链 ;在信息编码处理上 ,利用删除规则、概括规则、组织规则、名词化等手段能增强信道的输送能力。以信息控制论参与语篇建构应遵循经济、适量、保真等原则 ,以达成信息传递的佳效。     

The interpreter as institutional gatekeeper: The social-linguistic role of interpreters in Spanish-English medical discourse

Increases in immigration have led to an enormous growth in the number of cross-linguistic medical encounters taking place throughout the United States. In this article the role of hospital-based interpreters in cross-linguistic, internal medicine ‘medical interviews’ is examined. The interpreter's actions are analyzed against the historical and institutional context within which she is working, and also with an eye to the institutional goals that frame the patient-physician discourse. Interpreters are found not to be acting as ‘neutral’ machines of semantic conversion, but are rather shown to be active participants in the process of diagnosis. Since this process hinges on the evaluation of social and medical relevance of patient contributions to the discourse, the interpreter can be seen as an additional institutional gatekeeper for the recent immigrants for whom she is interpreting. Cross-linguistic medical interviews may also be viewed as a form of cross-cultural interaction; in this light, the larger political ramifications of the interpreters' actions are explored. ‘Interpreters are the most powerful people in a medical conversation.’ Head of Interpreting Services at a major private U.S. hospital, May 1999.     

科举制度的文化意义探论

在漫长的文化积淀中形成的科举文化传统,对我国传统文化乃至当今社会都产生着深层的影响。而作为“科举学”,虽然以“专学”起步,但应视作社会科学领域里的一个重要学科门类。鉴于科举制度的文化特性,文化应是“科举学”学科建设的应有定位。     

中国特色自主创新：体制创新与制度安排

自主创新，既可以理解为一种国家战略和发展道路，也可以理解为一种科技创新方式。目前，我国科技的总体水平同世界先进水平相比仍有较大差距，关键技术自给率低，自主创新能力不强。因此，加快推进国家创新体系建设是解决自主创新瓶颈问题的战略选择；加快区域创新体系的完善是推进自主创新的实现途径；完善自主创新的机制体系是推进自主创新的现实保障；加强自主创新环境建设是推进自主创新的可持续需要。     

市场的制度性分割:经济适用房制度的博弈分析

为低收入者提供基本住房保障是政府的基本职责,经济适用房是实现该职责的一个制度体现.但是中国的经济适用房制度并没有实现其设计目标.那么是什么原因导致了这个结果,如何实现为低收入者提供基本住房保障的目标?从政府、开发商、购买者三方博弈的角度,可以发现经济适用房制度失败的关键在于它造成了市场的制度性分割,由此产生的市场套利行为瓦解了经济适用房的制度基础.改革方向在于撤销经济适用房制度,实施住房补贴制度,重新建立统一的住房市场.     

Informing the Public About Uncertain Risks

Many problems arise in connection with the communication of risk information. In this article the content of the information communicated is taken as a starting-point for analyzing the risk communication process. We studied the way in which authorities communicated health risks to local residents in Dutch soil pollution situations and found that communication problems were characterized more by misunderstanding and conflict between parties with different views and interests than by a lack of understanding. Therefore, it is important to look more closely at the way the communicators of information (in our cases, officials) select risk information from risk assessments, and to study the effects that the information selected has on the receivers (in our cases, residents). Both the process of selection by the officials and the process of interpretation by the residents will be shown to be influenced by the different institutional backgrounds. The article presents a new approach to risk communication. Both the risk information presented by the authorities and the public reactions to this risk information are considered to reflect the institutional background of authorities and residents, and can be analyzed in these terms. Such an approach has consequences for the study of risk communication and the manner in which it is practiced.     

深港股市一体化:现实要求、制度比较和路径选择

实现深港两地股票市场一体化意义十分重大。它既有现实要求,也有一定的基础和可能。通过对深港两地股市的规模和板块、证交所制度、股市发行制度以及股市监管制度等进行具体的分析和比较,可以发现,尽管两地股市在管理制度的基础框架层面上大致相同,但是具体到实践运作上还存在很大的差距和差异,两地股市一体化程度还比较低。因此未来的融合还有相当长的路要走,需要采取新的有效对策。     

经营管理工作性质的制度分析

:企业经营管理工作的性质是现代经济理论和管理理论的核心范畴。经营管理工作性质及其运作的机制客观上将表现为经营管理工作的职责、管理行为、管理制度 ,以产权制度为核心的企业制度等相对稳定的制度因素。对经营管理工作性质研究的突破点在于实现从传统的非契约分析方式向制度分析和契约分析的方向演进     

民初司法发展的制度性环境——以司法官考试制度为例的分析

民国司法官考试制度的建立、发展和运作离不开民初各种社会因素交互作用形成的大环境。为了使国家走上独立富强之路,民初法律人极尽法律启蒙之能,力倡司法独立,大力发展法律教育,希冀通过法律教育的普及推动司法的进步。现代司法需要专业化的司法官。就民初国情考量,考察法律知识、选拔合格法律人的最好办法即为司法官考试制度。然而民初的中国,外遭列强欺压,内有社会动荡。所有这一切又无不在时时制约着近代司法官考试制度的运作和发展。     

铲除不合理的体制性成本 建立高效快捷的绿色通道

针对农产品流通领域的行政性高收费、乱收费、乱设卡,属于我国独特的体制性成本,给农民生产者、经营者和消费者构成了巨大侵害。铲除体制性成本,还利于民,建立名副其实、高效快捷的农产品绿色通道是迄今最薄弱、最迫切、最值得研究解决的重大课题。