Responsive Government: The Diversity and Institutional Performance of Online Political Deliberation Systems

Along with innovation in ICT technology and the spread of the internet, the online network, through its “technological empowerment” of citizens and governments, has driven a series of institutional changes designed to promote government responsiveness. The global spread of online political deliberation is indeed an achievement of the internet-driven construction of responsive government. In recent years, the Chinese government has vigorously promoted online political deliberation, established virtual platforms to build bridges between netizens and public power, brought internet activism into institutional channels, and implemented political absorption and online consultation. Under the influence of policy initiatives and local innovations, China has created diversified response systems that strengthen the institutionalization of online political deliberation and thereby enable this system to play an active role in improving government capacity and regulating the relationship between the state and society. At present, China has seven types of online response: the Communist Party Committee-led mode, the mixed mode, the government-led mode and the modes led by the departments in charge of absorption, business, supervision departments, and petitioning. Empirical studies show that the diversity and degree of institutionalization of online political deliberation significantly affect institutional performance and that political authority and professionalism are important features that enable the different response systems to influence institutional performance. In short, the endogenous elements of the response system—level of institutionalization and institutional diversity—are key factors in institutional performance.     

家庭策略与农村非常规核心家庭夫妻权力关系的变化

文章从社会互构论的视角,对社会转型时期国家与家庭互构背景下农村非常规核心家庭内部夫妻权力关系的变化进行了探讨。随着“外出打工”家庭策略的制定,夫妻双方的权力分配适应了外出打工的策略安排,适应了双方的性别分工模式,体现了家庭整体利益至上的原则。     

从制度缺陷看近代新疆的社会动荡

新疆既是一个偏远的边疆地区,又是一个多民族聚居、多宗教多文化并存的地区。鉴于新疆的特殊性,历代统治者都采取了有别于内地的、仅满足于形式上稳定的统治政策和政治制度,这些政策与制度在没有强大外部势力的干涉下,基本保持了新疆社会的相对和谐稳定。但是,随着社会的发展,特别是近代,这些政策与制度完全不能适应新疆社会发展的需要,进而引发了新疆社会的大动荡。     

法律渊源、关系异象与资本结构决策机理:基于17个国家地区制造业的面板证据

本文选取处于不同法律渊源的17个国家(地区)制造业上市公司2004-2008年的公司特征数据和国家宏观经济指标,研究国际间资本结构动态决定的宏观与微观因素的交互作用关系.结果发现:一是经济增速、资本形成和法治制度等国家宏观经济制度因素主要通过公司特征因子依次间接调整目标资本结构水平且作用关系路径和效应强弱排序相对不变;二是宏观要素对制造业上市公司资本结构直接效应存在英美法系国家(地区)显著高于大陆法系国家(地区),而在大陆法系国家(地区)范围内法国大陆法系最高,德国大陆法系(地区)次之,斯堪的纳维亚大陆法系国家最低的现象;三是发展中国家公司特征因素与目标资本结构的关系异象根源于特定经济制度背景,而在不同法律渊源国家(地区)范围内特定微观因素对资本结构的作用效应强弱顺序具有相对稳定性.     

Morality and Nuclear Energy: Perceptions of Risks and Benefits,Personal Norms,and Willingness to Take Action Related to Nuclear Energy

We examined factors underlying people's willingness to take action in favor of or against nuclear energy from a moral perspective. We conducted a questionnaire study among a sample of the Dutch population (N = 123). As expected, perceptions of risks and benefits were related to personal norms (PN), that is, feelings of moral obligation toward taking action in favor of or against nuclear energy. In turn, PN predicted willingness to take action. Furthermore, PN mediated the relationships between perceptions of risk and benefits and willingness to take action. In line with our hypothesis, beliefs about the risks and benefits of nuclear energy were less powerful in explaining PN for supporters compared to PN of opponents. Also, beliefs on risks and benefits and PN explained significantly more variance in willingness to take action of opponents than of supporters. Our results suggest that a moral framework is useful to explain willingness to take action in favor of and against nuclear energy, and that people are more likely to protest in favor of or against nuclear energy when PN are strong.     

哪些创业失败者更可能卷土重来?———基于松 － 紧文化与制度环境的跨国比较研究

高失败率是创业热潮中创业者必须面对的基本事实.创业失败在为创业者带来大量情绪与财务成本的同时,也提供了独特的学习经验.如何激活创业失败者卷土重来的激情是降低创业社会成本的关键.文章整合组织学习和创业认知理论构建了统一的创业失败学习理论逻辑,结合全球创业观察(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor)、世界银行和松-紧文化3个跨国数据库,考察了不同国家文化与制度环境下不同性别个体的创业失败经历对其创业选择的影响.研究发现:与没有失败经历的个体相比,有创业失败经历的个体更可能选择创业;高宽松度的国家文化、好的制度环境分别强化了这一关系;性别与文化宽松度对这一关系有显著的三重调节效应.即在高宽松度的国家文化下,有创业失败经历的女性创业者再次创业的概率更高.将性别角色差异纳入到创业失败的分析框架中,同时也扩展了创业失败的文化与制度分析.     

When Financial Intermediaries are Corporate Owners: An Agency Model of Institutional Ownership

Increasingly, the equity investments of individual investors are being channeled through financial institutions. This article posits that the role of institutional owners as financial intermediaries, and the resulting complexity that institutions bring to ownership, distinguish institutional ownership from individual ownership. I develop a model of institutional ownership, referred to as the nexus agency model (NAM), which reflects this complexity. The model provides a framework for identifying the potential additional agency costs to beneficial owners that are associated with owning via financial institutions. The degree to which owning via institutions benefits individual owners depends on the adequacy of the legal and regulatory environment and governance mechanisms in protecting individual owners' interests. The applicability of the nexus model to different institutional owner types is then demonstrated in a discussion of U.S. public and private pension plans and mutual funds, leading to the generation of a NAM-based research agenda for each type and across the types. The article ends with discussion of the model's applicability to non-U.S. institutional environments.     

Chemical and Radiation Environmental Risk Management: Differences, Commonalities, and Challenges

Driven by differing statutory mandates and programmatic separation of regulatory responsibilities between federal, state, and tribal agencies, distinct chemical and radiation risk management strategies have evolved. In the field this separation poses real challenges since many of the major environmental risk management decisions we face today require the evaluation of both types of risks. Over the last decade, federal, state, and tribal agencies have continued to discuss their different approaches and explore areas where their activities could be harmonized. The current framework for managing public exposures to chemical carcinogens has been referred to as a "bottom up approach." Risk between 10(-4) and 10(-6) is established as an upper bound goal. In contrast, a "top down" approach that sets an upper bound dose limit and couples with site specific As Low As Reasonably Achievable Principle (ALARA), is in place to manage individual exposure to radiation. While radiation risk are typically managed on a cumulative basis, exposure to chemicals is generally managed on a chemical-by-chemical, medium-by-medium basis. There are also differences in the nature and size of sites where chemical and radiation contamination is found. Such differences result in divergent management concerns. In spite of these differences, there are several common and practical concerns among radiation and chemical risk managers. They include 1) the issue of cost for site redevelopment and long-term stewardship, 2) public acceptance and involvement, and 3) the need for flexible risk management framework to address the first two issues. This article attempts to synthesize key differences, opportunities for harmonization, and challenges ahead.     

我国现行制度文化对科技型人才聚集效应的影响分析

在论述制度文化内涵和特征的基础上,从制度伦理、制度信念和制度价值观3个方面分析了制度文化对科技型人才聚集效应的影响,并提出了打造民主平等的制度文化伦理观、树立法治的制度文化信念和科学的制度文化价值观等优化我国现行制度文化的对策,以促进科技型人才聚集效应的产生与提升。