Psychological Distress,Couple Interactions,and Parenting: A Dyadic Analysis of African American Couples

Parental depression is a well‐established risk factor for couple conflict and ineffective or hostile parenting (M. C. Lovejoy, P. A. Graczyk, E. O'Hare, & G. Neuman, 2000; L. M. Papp, M. C. Goeke‐Morey, & E. M. Cummings, 2007). Although research suggests that caregiver depression may impact parenting indirectly via increased conflict between couples (e.g., R. D. Conger et al., 2002), few studies take into account the behaviors of both caregivers in exploring these relations. The goal of the current study is to employ an actor–partner mediator model to examine the complex relations among psychological distress, negative couple interactions, and parenting. Using a sample of 162 African American couples with children, we find evidence that the psychological distress of each caregiver has an effect on couple interactions for both men and women. The effects from each caregivers' distress to parenting are mainly indirect through the interactional behaviors of the mother toward the father, consistent with the father vulnerability hypothesis (e.g., E. M. Cummings, M. Goeke‐Morey, & J. Raymond, 2004).     

人口受教育程度对居民消费的影响研究--基于动态面板分位数回归法

本文采用1996～2015年的31个省市自治区宏观数据,使用动态面板分位数回归方法研究人口受教育程度和居民消费的数量关系。研究结果表明,人口受教育程度对消费有着较为显著的影响,且人口受教育程度对中等消费支出水平的影响略大于高、低消费支出水平的影响,这说明中等消费水平的居民消费受到人口受教育程度的影响更加敏感和有弹性。另外,模型中其他各解释变量系数在各分位数上的差异不大,说明这些影响因素对于不同消费支出水平的消费影响没有太明显差异。     

Research Design Meets Market Design: Using Centralized Assignment for Impact Evaluation

A growing number of school districts use centralized assignment mechanisms to allocate school seats in a manner that reflects student preferences and school priorities. Many of these assignment schemes use lotteries to ration seats when schools are oversubscribed. The resulting random assignment opens the door to credible quasi‐experimental research designs for the evaluation of school effectiveness. Yet the question of how best to separate the lottery‐generated randomization integral to such designs from non‐random preferences and priorities remains open. This paper develops easily‐implemented empirical strategies that fully exploit the random assignment embedded in a wide class of mechanisms, while also revealing why seats are randomized at one school but not another. We use these methods to evaluate charter schools in Denver, one of a growing number of districts that combine charter and traditional public schools in a unified assignment system. The resulting estimates show large achievement gains from charter school attendance. Our approach generates efficiency gains over ad hoc methods, such as those that focus on schools ranked first, while also identifying a more representative average causal effect. We also show how to use centralized assignment mechanisms to identify causal effects in models with multiple school sectors.     

论韩非基于工具性关系的义利统一观

利益至上导致义利天然对立,但是工具性关系能够实现义利统一;工具性关系使君臣关系有三点突破：依赖而不是主宰臣民、成就臣民的“富贵之业”、臣民只能以农战得富贵;工具性关系促进了君与民、民与民之间的平等．这也是工具性关系铸就强国的根本原因。     

论鸦片战争前后广东民众反侵略斗争的影响

鸦片战争前后广东民众反侵略斗争,沉重打击了外来侵略势力,冲击了地方官府的媚外政策,捍卫了自身权益,但也产生了一些负面影响。     

Intervention with Families in Extreme Distress (FED)

The FED (Families in Extreme Distress) Project described in this article was developed as an intervention model for families in extreme distress. The concept of families in extreme distress includes not only those families which have been widely regarded as multi-problem families for decades, but also those which may appear to be like any other middle class family. The dis- organization in family functioning that is created by an interaction of many problems results in a durable distress which is repeated throughout successive generations. The intervention design of this project was structured and short- term, and each family in the group met once a week in their own home for ten sessions with a therapeutic team composed of three workers. The target of the intervention was the functioning of the entire family as a unit; and goals included clarifying boundaries, strengthening roles, and developing a communication system. Analysis of the therapeutic sessions revealed several techniques which are useful for intervention with the FED population. The intervention process with these families should be multilevel and case management should not only include providing family therapy, but also advocating and mediating with various institutions in the community, as well as making connections for financial assistance.While some major policy changes may be required to meet the finan- cial and manpower needs involved in such a model, this demonstra- tion project indicates that investing the right resources is worthwhile for effecting change within the FED population.     

从对币制的干预和破坏看近代美国对中国的金融侵略与掠夺

币制的设计和改革本是一个独立国家的主权问题，但在近代半殖民地、半封建的旧中国，货币主权却受到了西方列强的践踏。自20世纪初，美国就通过对中国币制的干预和破坏，将中国货币变成美国货币的附庸，从而对中国的货币金融进行侵略和掠夺，给当时中国社会经济发展带来了严重的危害。     

Relational Aggression in Peer and Dating Relationships: Links to Psychological and Behavioral Adjustment

We examined the contribution of relational aggression in adolescents' peer and dating relationships to their psychological and behavioral adjustment. In the Fall and again four months later, 1279 (646 female) grade 9 students reported on relational aggression perpetration and victimization in their romantic and peer relationships, depression/anxiety symptoms (psychological adjustment) and delinquency (behavioral adjustment). Using hierarchical regression analyses, controlling for Time 1 adjustment/behavior, peer relational aggression perpetration predicted depression/anxiety. Dating relational victimization also predicted depression/anxiety, but only for girls. Furthermore, girls who were perpetrators of relational aggression in both peer and dating contexts were most likely to show increases in delinquent behavior. We conclude that dating and peer relationships are not redundant, but make independent and additive contributions to adolescent adjustment. Girls, in particular, may be at greatest risk for poor outcomes when they have relationally aggressive relationships. Results also highlight the need for greater awareness of the complexity and significance of adolescent dating relationships.     

It Takes Two to Fight in School,Too: A Social Relations Model of the Psychometric Properties and Relative Variance of Dyadic Aggression and Victimization in Middle School

Aggressive behavior has been well studied in terms of interindividual differences among aggressors and victims, but has been understudied, especially within naturalistic contexts, in terms of aggressor–victim relationships. The social relations model (SRM) is a powerful conceptual and analytic tool for studying dyadic phenomena, and we describe the use of multivariate SRM to study aggression. Boys and girls (N = 210) in middle schools (sixth and seventh grades) completed a newly created dyadic aggression and victimization inventory (DAVI). Results support the reliability and validity of the DAVI in assessing inter‐individual and inter‐dyadic differences in aggression and victimization. Occurrences of aggression were accounted for primarily by inter‐dyadic variability, indicating the importance of considering aggressor–victim relationships. We discuss the implications of this relationship focus for future research and intervention efforts.