Predictors of gambling problems among male adolescents

The study concerns prediction of gambling problems in 178 male adolescents (aged 16 and 18 years) who completed a questionnaire, which included the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), a version of the Temperament and Character Inventory and a number of questions concerning social background, emotional and life-style factors. About 27% of the boys gamble at least weekly. As many as 16% qualify as probable pathological gamblers according to the SOGS. Another 7% are at risk. None of the social background factors are related to severity of gambling problems. The only significant family factor is parental substance misuse. The optimal multivariate model predicts about 30% of the variance in gambling problems. The strongest factor is frequency of alcohol drinking. Several factors indicate a personality with problems in relations to others. Another factor indicates a dreamy personality. Unexpectedly, impulsiveness is not related to gambling. In conclusion, problem gambling among male adolescents is related to life-style and personality, especially in relation to others, but not to usual social background factors. Gamblers are asocial rather than impulsive. The nature of this finding should be further explored, since an asocial personality may point at genetics as well as to early social influences, as may the finding on the relation between gambling and parental drinking.     

Similarity and preferences in the space of simple lotteries

A. Rubinstein's similarity-relation approach to decision making under uncertainty is extended by introducing a new concept of correlated similarity relations. It is shown that every expected utility preference is consistent with the -difference similarity relation on the prize space and some correlated similarity relations on the probability space, and that a similarity relation on the prize space and correlated similarity relations on the probability space overdetermine the preference (in A. Rubinstein's sense).Earlier versions were presented at the Edwin Smart Symposium on Games and Economic Behavior, Ohio State University, 1989, the ESEM 1989 Meeting, the EEA 1989 Meeting, the Workshop on Rational and Boundedly Rational Principles of Strategic Behavior, Universität Bielefeld, 1989, and the ASSET 1991 Meeting. We wish to thank the comments received from the participants in those meetings and the stimulating suggestions of S. Ch. Kolm, R. D. Luce, and an anonymous referee. Financial support from the Universidad del Pais Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, DGCYT (PS 87-0039) and Gobierno de Navarra are gratefully acknowledged.     

契约关系与诚信

中国道德传统中的诚信本于“天人关系” ,以天赋良知为基础 ,所展开的语境是纵向的义务服从关系。现代诚信本于“契约关系” ,所指向者是人、他人 ,所展开的语境是横向的权利平等关系。现代诚信以社会权利为基础 ,不是天赋良知的发现和实现 ,而是实实在在的现实利益 ,是个人利益的实现。现代诚信建设的基础是观念的变革和建设 ,核心是信用制度的建设 ,关键是公信建设。所以 ,现代诚信建设的基本任务是根据公民的平等的社会权利建构起相应的社会制度 ,并努力促进所有的社会公共机构在尊重公民社会权利的基础上实践其保障公民社会权利的公共职能。     

美国在日韩邦交正常化谈判中的作用（1951-1965）

日韩邦交正常化谈判(1951-1965)历时长达14年之久,不可避免地受到国际环境的影响,尤其受到美国东北亚战略的影响。反之,日韩会谈也从一个侧面反映了东北亚冷战格局的演变。探讨美国在日韩邦交正常化谈判中的作用,可以分析美国为什么“搭台”以及如何“搭台”的。     

春秋邦交思想述论

春秋邦交思想作为政治家、外交家和思想家对现实社会邦交实践认识的升华和提高的结晶 ,时刻指导、约束着人们在邦交活动中的决策和行动。作为春秋邦交思想最高准则的德 ,包涵了礼、信、仁、义等各种观念。本文通过对不同时期德所透凸出来的含义和特点的考察 ,勾勒出春秋邦交思想发展和流变的历程 ,由此 ,可以更进一步地认识春秋邦交的现实及其特点     

Stochastic dominance in multicriterion analysis under risk

Traditionally, in the literature on the modelling of decision aids one notes the propensity to treat expected utility models and outranking relation models as rivals. It may be possible, however, to benefit from the use of both approaches in a risky decision context. Stochastic dominance conditions can be used to establish, for each criterion, the preferences of a decision maker and to characterise them by a concave or convex utility function.Two levels of complexity in preference elicitation, designated as clear and unclear, are distinguished. Only in the case of unclear preferences is it potentially interesting to attempt to estimate the value function of the decision maker, thus obtaining his (her) preferences with a reduced number of questions. The number of questions that must be asked of the decision maker depends upon the level of the concordance threshold that he(she) requires in the construction of the outranking relations using the ELECTRE method.     

核威慑的伦理问题域及其表现分析

核威慑问题涉及军事、政治、国际关系、科技、经济、文化、法律等领域,是一个极为敏感又牵涉面广且同人类的和平、安全、幸福以及身家性命密切关联的问题丛。核威慑关乎生命价值和尊严问题,关涉政治权利的正当性问题、传统战争伦理规范的适应性问题、工具理性与价值理性的冲突问题,涉及主权、人权与国际正义的困境问题。核威慑的伦理问题错综复杂且牵涉面广,人类迫切需要发展核威慑伦理理论,提升自身对核武器的实践理性能力。     

“‘甘肃文学八骏’东部行”与社会转型期的东西部文学关系

社会转型期文学生态的变化使得东西部文学关系出现了新的面向,东西部之间文学意义的互见成为可能。＂甘肃文学八骏＂能够成为文学界颇有影响的品牌,很大程度上得益于他们突破自我、主动寻求与＂他者＂＂对话＂的路径选择,通过＂进上海＂、＂进北京＂等＂东部行＂的文学活动,在东部和西部文学界之间找到了一种共同维护文学理想的话语方式。透过＂‘甘肃文学八骏’东部行＂的表象,就会发现它在东部与西部、都市与乡村、中心与边缘以及地域性与差异性等文学关系上有着意义丰富的涵盖。     

近代中日关系与中华民族复兴观念的形成

中华民族复兴观念的生成与演变,与民族危机的发展尤其是日本帝国主义入侵的刺激息息相关。1894年甲午中日战争发生后民族危机的加深与民族意识的觉醒,促成中华民族复兴观念的酝酿;日本帝国主义提出灭亡中国的＂二十一条＂使民族危机继续加深,刺激了民族复兴话语的进一步发酵,中华民族复兴观念初具雏形;1931年＂九一八＂事变把中华民族推到生死存亡的危机关头,在民族危机空前深重的背景下中华民族复兴观念迅速定型,并很快流衍为一种有广泛社会影响力的社会思潮;1937年＂七七事变＂的发生使＂中华民族到了最危险的时候＂,随着民族危机的进一步发展,九一八事变后成为流行话语的民族复兴思潮趋于深化、高涨;1945年抗日战争的胜利扭转了近代以来抗击外国侵略战争屡战屡败的局面,成为中华民族由衰弱走向复兴的转换枢纽与重要标志。     

How interrank contacts benefit masters in a Buddhist monastery: Comparing the effects of ascribed Dharma titles and perceived status

Social interactions within modern Buddhist communities reflect two hierarchical rules. First, the Dharma titles ordained to specific masters affect how they interact with one another. Second, as more Buddhist organizations adapt to secular society, their members also network along nonreligious hierarchies. To capture how such changing social hierarchies shape masters’ social networks, this study examines the “status effects” embedded in social interactions within Foothills, a Buddhist monastery in Taiwan, based on contact diaries recorded over twenty-eight months. Multilevel analyses that focus on 102,254 contacts nested in 582 interpersonal ties among 53 Buddhist masters indicate that nearly all pairings of the ascribed Dharma titles had significant effects on emotional gain, and perceived status was not significant. In addition, contact with the highest ascribed title was clearly more important for instrumental gain, whereas the pattern of the perceived status effect was ambiguous. While the modern monastery has incorporated task-oriented work from secular society, the ordained titles continue to generate more profound effects than perceived status.