60年代以来美国城市种族暴力冲突的特征及其根源

自 2 0世纪以来 ,美国城市的种族暴力冲突时有发生 ,但就其频繁性、规模和破坏性而言 ,惟 2 0世纪 60年代以来最为突出。其主要特征是 ,所有暴力冲突都发生在中心城市 ,而且其重心也在向经济发展蒸蒸日上的西部和南部城市转移。虽然黑人和白人的矛盾仍居主导地位 ,但有色人种间的冲突颇为引人注目。其促成因素在于当代美国人口流动和城市经济结构发生质变后聚居于中心城市的有色种族日益增长的贫困化、新形式的种族歧视、不公正的司法、日趋复杂的种族关系及新闻媒体的煽动性宣传等等 ,这些都是当代美国城市社会问题的突出表现     

论1801-1814年的美国对外关系

1801-1814年是美国建国初期对外关系发展的重要阶段。这一阶段发生的一系列重大外交事件,不仅对华盛顿提出的中立外交政策提出新的挑战,而且使美国对外关系发展的重点逐渐从被动防御转向主动进取,此后,美国逐渐走上了向外扩张的道路。     

Biosocial Perspectives on the Family

New theoretical models conceptualize families as systems affected by, and effecting change in, reciprocal influences among social, behavioral, and biological processes. Technological breakthroughs make noninvasive assessment of many biological processes available to family researchers. These theoretical and measurement advances have resulted in significant increases in research on family processes and relationships that integrate knowledge from the fields of behavioral endocrinology, behavior genetics, and, to a lesser degree, evolutionary psychology. This review covers a broad spectrum, including the topics of parenthood, early child development, adolescent and middle child development, parent‐child relations, courtship and mate selection, and the quality and stability of marital and intimate relations. Our intention is to introduce, by example, the relevance of the biosocial approach, encourage family researchers to consider the application of these ideas to their interests, and increase the participation of family researchers in the next generation of studies.     

Social Identity and Intergroup Relations Within the Hospital

City hospitals are complex organizations made up of thousands of employees with a variety of ethnic and racial backgrounds, and representing diverse occupational roles. These various groups often have differing religious and philosophical belief systems, which creates a complex combination of people similar to a small urban city. This paper investigated this multicultural society within the hospital and looked specifically at how various occupational groups define themselves in terms of their social identity. In addition, the paper also explored how various occupational groups related with one another. This study explored specifically the intergroup relations of the psychiatric staff and their supporting personnel. These groups were understood within the theoretical framework of Tajfel's social identity theory (1978, 1982), and Allport's (1954) intergroup contact theory, as well as Sherif (1961) and Turner's (1975) concept of the in group/out group process.     

对“中国共产党始终代表中国先进社会生产力发展要求”的认识

分析了社会生产力发展要求与社会生产力发展水平的区别;阐述了先进社会生产力的内涵;为什么说始终代表进行社会生产力的发展要求,是工人阶级政党生存和发展的根本;为什么说只有中国共产党才能始终代表中国先进社会生产力发展要求问题,指出,中国共产党始终代表中国先进社会生产力的发展要求,就必须不断地调整生产关系和上层建筑,使之进一步适应生产力的发展要求,并探讨了就如何使我国当前的生产关系进一步适应社会生产力发展要求的有关问题。     

Social Perception and Stereotyping: An Interpersonal and Intercultural Approach

Social perception and stereotyping have been important issues in social and cross-cultural psychology for most of the 20th century. After briefly reviewing its history, the current article discusses social perception and stereotyping from the interpersonal and the cross-cultural perspective. Specifically, these issues are presented along a dimension ranging from intraindividual, to intragroup, to intergroup perception. First, the discussion of interpersonal perception emphasizes social perception in a face-to-face context. Though this section may appear to be technical and complicated to some readers, this level of detail is necessary to elaborate a most basic version of the componential approach to interpersonal perception. Second, the section on social stereotypes discusses social identity theory and the ingroup and outgroup homogeneity effects. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of lingering concerns in research on social perception and stereotypes.     

从夫妻关系看唐代妇女家庭地位的变化

唐代是中国封建社会最为开放的时期,其“开放性”不仅表现在皇朝内政外交等方面,而且还生动而具体地反映在家庭内部夫妻关系等方面。唐代夫妻关系上的开放,以及丈夫对妻子人格意志的尊重和行为上的宽容,为整个封建时代所少有。     

21世纪的近代民族关系史研究视点

20世纪少数民族史、民族关系史已成为史学的重要门类。目前史学危机的消除要靠研究范例的创新 ,而这又有赖于具体研究领域的展开与积累。中国近代民族关系史尤其具有思想文化建设层面和现实借鉴的意义     

"美国的核威胁吓退了中国"--神话还是历史?

1953年初入主白宫的艾森豪威尔及其国务卿杜勒斯称,美国的核威胁迫使中国对朝鲜停战谈判采取了积极的态度,即美国的核威胁吓退了中国.这种说法是神话还是历史?有关朝鲜战争的档案以及当时中国和朝鲜采取的一系列措施表明,斯大林去世后,苏联和中朝两国就作出了加快朝鲜停战谈判和尽早结束战争的决定,这与美国的核威胁无关.此外,对于在朝鲜战场使用核武器的可行性,当时美国政府的内部存在着许多争议,并未达成共识.     

保密电子邮件传递过程中的法律关系研究

电子邮件作为一种新的通信方式已经被越来越多的人接受和使用。由于一般电子邮件使用的是SMTP(简单邮件传输协议)和POP3协议(邮局协议),而这两种协议实行的是网络传输,基本上没有什么安全技术来保证通信秘密。因此,人们开始借鉴邮政挂号信函的传递方式,运用密码技术和简单公钥机制(SPKM)对现行的电子邮件通信进行改革,以实现通信的保密性,并为可能的纠纷保留证据。基于SPKM的挂号保密电子邮件通信就是这种改进的产物。与一般电子邮件的传递不同的是,这种保密电子邮件的传递不仅需要邮件服务器的提供者的参与,而且还需要认证中心CA等有关主体的参与。因此,正确界定有关各方当事人之间的法律关系是这种保密电子邮件正常传递的必要条件。