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81.
We relax the assumption that priors are common knowledge, in the standard model of games of incomplete information. We make
the realistic assumption that the players are boundedly rational: they base their actions on finite-order belief hierarchies.
When the different layers of beliefs are independent of each other, we can retain Harsányi's type-space, and we can define
straightforward generalizations of Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (BNE) and Rationalizability in our context. Since neither of
these concepts is quite satisfactory, we propose a hybrid concept, Mirage Equilibrium, providing us with a practical tool
to work with inconsistent belief hierarchies. When the different layers of beliefs are correlated, we must enlarge the type-space
to include the parametric beliefs. This presents us with the difficulty of the inherent openness of finite belief subspaces.
Appealing to bounded rationality once more, we posit that the players believe that their opponent holds a belief hierarchy
one layer shorter than they do and we provide alternative generalizations of BNE and Rationalizability. Finally, we show that,
when beliefs are degenerate point beliefs, the definition of Mirage Equilibrium coincides with that of the generalized BNE.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
82.
Alexander Zimper 《Theory and Decision》2007,63(1):53-78
This paper examines the existence of strategic solutions to finite normal form games under the assumption that strategy choices
can be described as choices among lotteries where players have security- and potential level preferences over lotteries (e.g., Cohen, Theory and Decision, 33, 101–104, 1992, Gilboa, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 32, 405–420,
1988, Jaffray, Theory and Decision, 24, 169–200, 1988). Since security- and potential level preferences require discontinuous
utility representations, standard existence results for Nash equilibria in mixed strategies (Nash, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 36, 48–49, 1950a, Non-Cooperative Games, Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton
University Press, 1950b) or for equilibria in beliefs (Crawford, Journal of Economic Theory, 50, 127–154, 1990) do not apply. As a key insight this paper proves that non-existence
of equilibria in beliefs, and therefore non-existence of Nash equilibria in mixed strategies, is possible in finite games
with security- and potential level players. But, as this paper also shows, rationalizable strategies (Bernheim, Econometrica, 52, 1007–1028, 1984, Moulin, Mathematical Social Sciences, 7, 83–102, 1984, Pearce, Econometrica,
52, 1029–1050, 1984) exist for such games. Rationalizability rather than equilibrium in beliefs therefore appears to be a
more favorable solution concept for games with security- and potential level players.
相似文献
83.
《Journal of social work in end-of-life & palliative care》2013,9(1):55-70
Abstract This study used focus groups to understand Hispanic elders' and adult children's concerns about end-of-life planning. Ten older persons participated in the elders group, and ten adult children in a separate group. Themes in both groups included communication, control, burden, spirituality, religious issues, and importance of family relationships. Communication regarding end-of-life planning was of particular importance to both elders and adult children. The most striking indication of the challenges in communication about end-of-life issues is the insistence by both the elders and the adult children that their children/parents do not want to have these discussions. 相似文献
84.
In times of a high‐impact safety incident citizens may have a variety of sources available to help them cope with the situation. This research focuses on the interplay of efficacy information in risk communication messages and peer feedback, such as responses on social network sites (SNSs) in the context of a high‐impact risk on the intention to engage in self‐protective behavior. The study pitted high and low efficacy information messages against supporting and opposing peer feedback (N = 242). Results show a significant interaction effect between efficacy information in a news article and peer feedback from SNS messages on both the intention to engage in self‐protective behavior and levels of involvement. Participants who received the article with more efficacy information and also received supportive peer feedback via SNS messages were more likely to express higher levels of involvement and greater intentions to engage in protective behavior. When confronted with a low efficacious news article, the effect of peer feedback on these two variables was significantly stronger. Finally, implications for theory and government risk communication are discussed. 相似文献
85.
《Journal of child sexual abuse》2013,22(3):95-108
No abstract available for this article. 相似文献
86.
魏苏宁 《太原师范学院学报(社会科学版)》2012,11(4):66-68
漳州作为台湾的主要祖籍地,漳台两地民间信仰的神祇大多相同,具有共同性和从属性,这为双方旅游的合作和共同开发提供了良好的条件。但目前双方之间的旅游合作在市场开放程度、客源流动的自由度等方面仍有待提高,统筹规划、联合开发的格局尚未形成。漳州与台湾应以两岸共同的信仰文化为基础,实现两地的旅游对接,推动两地的旅游合作向纵深发展。民间信仰文化旅游也是维系两岸骨肉亲情、促进国家统一的重要桥梁和纽带。 相似文献
87.
Arosha S. Adikaram 《Human Resource Development International》2018,21(3):186-211
The aim of this exploratory study is to identify the ways divorced women experience workplace harassment at the intersection of marital status and gender in an Asian context, using the theory of intersectionality. Employing qualitative research approach, in-depth interviews with 12 divorced women were carried out. Results indicated the ways in which the participants get caught between ideological norms and beliefs about marriage and women that trigger distinct forms of harassment such as sexual harassment (sexual propositions and unpleasant flirtation), mistreatment (rumour-mongering, unsolicited/derogatory remarks, and ostracization/social exclusion), and discriminatory treatment (denial of promotions and positions as well as dismissal of achievements). Mostly subtle and at times blatant, the interplay of power dynamics, female misogyny, and intra-gender competition arising out of societal structures and deeply entrenched beliefs about women and marriage are seen as the basis for the manifestation of these forms of harassment. These findings advance the understanding of harassment, divorced women, and intersectionality, while also highlighting important implications for Human Resource Development professionals in addressing this grave issue at work. 相似文献
88.
Anne K. Julian Sheryl Thorburn G. John Geldhof 《Journal of American college health : J of ACH》2020,68(4):395-402
AbstractObjective: To develop and validate a scale measuring health beliefs about UV in cloudy climates that may impact UV exposure behaviors. Participants: Students at a large university in Oregon completed pilot (N?=?115) and final (N?=?335) scales online March–July, 2016. Five participants underwent cognitive interviews. Methods: Expert feedback, cognitive interviews, and pilot data guided item development and refinement. We conducted factor analysis and invariance testing. Results: The final four-factor model fit well (χ2?=?37.97, df?=?37, RMSEA?=?0.000, CFI?=?1.000). HBAU subscales are Sunscreen Toxicity, Seasonal Effects, Health Benefits of Tanning, and Tanning Through the Winter. Invariance testing supported strong invariance across sex and tanning status. Conclusion: The HBAU measures beliefs that encourage UV exposure and discourage protection (eg, the belief that sunscreen ingredients are toxic). This scale will enable more comprehensive measurement of cognitive predictors of UV exposure for student health, clinical, and research purposes. 相似文献
89.
《Journal of Organizational Behavior Management》2013,33(1-2):27-53
Abstract This article comments on an argument in favor of a change in OBM's content and focus to include certain empirical findings and theoretical constructs derived from fields like Cognitive and Social Psychology. Specifically, the argument suggests that personal beliefs such as optimism, self-efficacy, and response-efficacy are influential determinants of behavior that give rise to achievement motivation and a success-seeking typology. By incorporating such constructs into OBM, it is suggested that the field will better align itself with related disciplines sharing the goal of promoting personal success, thereby enhancing its performance-improvement toolkit and fostering greater recognition and acceptance for itself within mainstream Psychology. After summarizing key aspects of this argument, this paper identifies certain of its associated challenges and then presents some specific strategies by which the OBM community can chart a future course for the field. 相似文献
90.
高校学生普遍存在自主学习意识不强、学习能力、生活能力不足等不健康的心理与行为,严重影响到我国高等教育质量和人才培养质量。"重塑心灵"计划提出运用NLP教练技术等最新心理学和行为学研究成果重建大学生的信念和价值观系统,提高自我情绪控制和人际沟通能力,构建快乐、积极的精英大学生心态和行为模式,确保高校学风全面好转以及人才培养质量的提高。 相似文献