从血缘文化看中日语言亲属词汇的差异

中日两国尽管同属东亚儒教文化圈,都具有父权家长制的“宗族”(日本为“同族”)文化传统,但由于各自传统文化中对血缘关系的不同态度,即中国重视血缘的直系与旁系的划分,日本则轻视旁系血缘,导致中日语言亲属词汇体系出现较大差异。     

亲缘选择能否印证《孟子》之四端说

亲缘选择是一条影响深远的自然法则,也是当代伦理学不得不面对的重要课题。中外学界对亲缘选择与孟子学说的关联均有所关注,也有学者认为亲缘选择能为孟子学说提供强有力的支持。四端说是孟子伦理学体系的核心,故此可设如下的议题：亲缘选择能否印证《孟子》之四端说？根据《孟子》四端说的文本以及历代解读的分析,所得结论是：亲缘选择不止对四端说起不到印证作用,而更迫使当代诠释者对于许多四端说的解读,降低其置信度。与亲缘选择相符的四端说解读,应该重视文化的熏陶作用,应该承认四端为人禽共有,也不该将四端设为纯粹形上对象。亲缘选择对孟子学说的印证效能,需在四端说之外去寻找。     

LAYERED MEANINGS

Recent sociological inquiry into the family has focused on the decline of the male breadwinner family and the increasing diversity of family forms. Yet the term ‘family’ remains vague and assumes different meanings. This paper discusses the meanings of the term ‘family’ as it is used by interviewees in qualitative, in-depth interviews on family and kinship networks. The interviews were conducted as part of ethnographic fieldwork in a study of family and kinship in Swansea. Three contrasting areas of Swansea were selected, an affluent, popular area, one of the most deprived council estates and an inner-city area with a relatively high proportion of minority ethnic families. In the paper we draw out differences and similarities in the meanings given to the term ‘family’ by interviewees in the three areas. Differing meanings emerge, but what is striking is the layering of meanings. People refer to varying groups of relatives when they speak about their family but ‘family’ refers to a set of norms and practices about bringing up children, staying in contact or giving support. In the interview situation, the interviewees use these varying meanings in different contexts.     

解读广播媒介角色定位

如何科学地把握广播的媒介定位,如何开拓适合广播媒介定位的生存空间是广播媒介发展的关键.本文把广播放到人类社会的宏观环境中,从人类媒介发展、广播媒介自身发展、符号三个角度论证了广播媒介由中心走向边缘的角色演变过程及其在未来的媒介格局中必然处于边缘的角色定位.但只要广播发挥自己的媒介优势,积极寻求适合广播角色定位的生存空间,广播媒介也是大有可为的,可以成为社区的信息中心、贴身的电子秘书、受众的娱乐伙伴.     

家族式中小企业融资及其文化基础——一项基于亲缘选择的演化分析

通过对家族式民营中小企业融资行为的理论综述,从融资策略机制、家族主义的文化基础、以及企业融资方式和融资组织演化方面进行了理论的归纳和评述。其中,通过扫描家族企业融资演化和演化金融的一些最新研究成果,为研究我国家族式民营中小企业融资行为的动态演化机制建立一个基于亲缘选择的演化博弈分析框架,以寻求在家族文化影响下单个企业层面的融资次序、信贷配给约束与群体层面的融资组织演变之间的内在逻辑联系。文章通过文献研究提出:我国民营中小企业在亲缘选择的演化博弈方式下,在外部信贷配给的不利因素影响下,通过家族和泛家族体系内部的融资行为导致了区域性的非正式甚至正式融资组织的演化发展。     

The Best of Ties,the Worst of Ties: Close,Problematic, and Ambivalent Social Relationships

This study builds on research addressing intergenerational ambivalence by considering emotional ambivalence toward the wider social network. Men and women ages 13 to 99 (N = 187) completed diagrams of their close and problematic social relationships. Social ties were classified as solely close, solely problematic, or ambivalent, based on network placement (n = 3,392 social contacts). Multilevel models revealed that individuals viewed certain close familial ties (e.g., spouse, son or daughter, parent, sibling) with greater ambivalence than they viewed more distal family ties, friendships, or acquaintances. Participants classified more acquaintances than other relationships as solely problematic. Feeling closer to a social partner was associated with increased ambivalence. Older adults were more likely to classify their relationships as solely close than as ambivalent, in comparison with younger adults. Discussion focuses on tension and closeness in familial and nonfamilial relationships.     

Sibling cannibalism in the ladybird beetleHarmonia axyridis: Fitness consequences for mother and offspring

Summary The adaptive significance of sibling cannibalism was analyzed in the ladybird beetleHarmonia axyridis at two prey densities. Possible costs and benefits were considered from three points of view: the mother, the cannibal and the victim. Cannibals ate both infertile and fertile eggs, thereby increasing in body length and survival rate with the intensity of sibling cannibalism. The cannibalistic trait was clearly beneficial to the cannibal when aphid density was low. However, it was not always beneficial when aphid density was high and the victims were full siblings. The altruistic behavior of being a victim was beneficial only when the victim was cannibalized by full siblings at low aphid density. The mother attained almost equal fitness at low aphid density, regardless of the intensity of sibling cannibalism. This suggests that sibling cannibalism is not maladaptive for the mother. At high aphid density, however, mother’s fitness decreased with the intensity of sibling cannibalism, indicating that sibling cannibalism is maladaptive for the mother when larval food availability is high.     

古埃及人亲属观念的语言学透视

古埃及人的亲属称谓诸语词来源各异、构造有别 ,从中反映出古埃及人的亲属称谓系统属于一种带有部分爱斯基摩亲属称谓制色彩的苏丹亲属称谓制 ;其中女性或母系亲属的细致区分又是古埃及人亲属称谓上的一个特点。古埃及语中的核心亲属诸称谓在文中有详尽的分析。     

Reciprocity in relationships: socio-economic and health influences on intergenerational exchanges between Third Age parents and their adult children in Great Britain

In this paper data from a nationally representative British longitudinal study are used to analyse exchanges of support between Third Age parents (aged 55-75) and their adult children. Results show that between two thirds and three quarters of parents in this age group were involved in some sort of exchange relationship with at least one of their children. Generally, more Third Age parents were providers than recipients of help, but there was a strong reciprocal element to intergenerational exchange with, for example, married parents who provided support to at least one child being twice as likely as those who did not to receive support from a child, after allowance for a range of relevant parental and child characteristics. Parental characteristics associated with higher probability of providing help included higher income, home ownership and being married or widowed rather than divorced. Higher income and home ownership were, however, negatively associated with odds of receiving help from a child, again after adjustment for other co-variates, suggesting socio-economic differences in the balance of support exchanges. Children seem responsive to parental needs in that receipt of help from a child was positively associated with older parental age and with parental disability. The paper shows that in Britain, as in the USA, the balance of intergenerational exchanges involving Third Age adults is downward rather than upward, in contravention of depictions of older adults as 'burdens' on younger generations. Current demographic and social changes are, it is argued, likely to increase support demands from adult children to Third Age parents in coming decades.     

How do placements in kinship care compare with those in non‐kin foster care: placement patterns,progress and outcomes?

As the use of kinship care is set to rise in England, it is important that policy and practice developments are based on firm evidence about kin placement outcomes and how these compare with those in stranger foster care. The research reported in this paper was based on case file reviews of 270 children, half in kin placements and half in stranger foster care, and on interviews with a sub-sample of 32 kin carers, social workers, children and parents. Kin carers were found to be significantly more disadvantaged than stranger foster carers: more kin carers were lone carers, with health problems, living in overcrowded conditions and had financial difficulties. The children, in contrast, were remarkably similar in the two kinds of placement. The main differences between the children in the two settings are examined in the paper. The children's progress and outcomes in terms of placement quality and disruption were very similar in the two settings, but kin placements lasted longer, mainly because fewer were planned as interim placements. However, because kin carers persisted with very challenging children and yet received fewer services than stranger foster carers, they were more often under strain. The implications for policy and practice are examined.