清代土地买卖中的“除留”习惯——以陕西紫阳契约与诉讼为例

“除留”是广泛存在于陕南土地交易中的一种习惯。在契约中对土地上的各项财产进行详细说明,有利于加强交易的确定性,减少纠纷的发生。而坟地的除留更具有典型意义,按照物权法的观点,其性质当为地役权的特殊形式。坟禁地役权可以通过契约附带设定、专门买卖或赠送以及官方裁决间接获得三种途径。其取消亦有相应的形式。清朝法律对坟禁有保护性的规定,而土地契约是其中较为重要的一环。尽管“除留坟禁”的习惯已较为成熟,但是由于宗族势力的干涉、地方官员的判案、户籍制度的管理以及土著客民间的矛盾等都会影响到该习惯的施行、发展、完善,故而仍然难以从根本上予以杜绝“坟山告争”。     

The East Asian welfare model

This article aims to outline main features of the East Asian welfare model, to understand its past development and assess lessons that can be learned for other developing and developed countries. It describes the particular path of welfare state development in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore, by focusing particularly on developmental and political aspects of welfare state development. In the final part of the study, particular features of the East Asian welfare model are outlined, and thus the existence of a distinct, ideal-typical welfare regime in East Asia substantiated.     

农民权益得失与城市化进程的关系分析

城市化是人类社会发展的必然趋势,也是一个国家走向发达的必由之路。在我国城市化高速发展进程中,如何扬长避短,对城市化涉及的核心群体——农民权益的“得”与“失”是不容不认真考虑的问题。在城市化中,农民总体上属于弱势群体,如果政府及相关部门不能及时采取有效措施,其“失”甚至可能更重于“得”。城市化的社会经济特点、强势群体的掠夺以及政府利益介入、农民自身的缺失等都有可能成为农民权益“失”的原因。政府高度重视城市化与农民受益的一致性,并通过立法规范土地利益的分配制度,进而提高农村的聚集效应、提高农民的自身素质等是城市化建设健康发展的必要保障。     

马克思的绝对地租理论及其启示

马克思的绝对地租理论认为,土地所有权是绝对地租产生的原因,农业资本有机构成低于社会平均资本有机构成,从而农产品价值高于生产价格的超额利润,是绝对地租产生的条件,而绝对地租的本质仍然是剩余价值的一部分。在我国,尽管社会主义制度的确立,已经消灭了土地的私有权,但并没有也不可能取消土地的所有权,加之我国长期以来,农业资本有机构成低于社会平均资本有机构成,因此,社会主义市场经济条件下存在绝对地租已成为不可否定的客观事实。为此,有必要对构建农村土地的所有权和使用权市场,并对农村土地市场进行有偿征用、出让、租赁、发包等运作形式进行探讨。     

Complicated Problems,Complicated Solutions? Homelessness and Joined‐up Policy Responses

The government has recently signalled its determination to address both the symptoms and causes of homelessness through the introduction of new legislation requiring local authorities within England and Wales to develop strategic approaches to addressing this issue. Moreover, in common with many other areas of social provision in recent years, the “joining‐up” of services has been identified as a central tenet of these new approaches. In the case of homelessness, then, experience gleaned from other policy fields may prove an invaluable resource, in terms both of guiding approaches and in avoiding potential pitfalls. This paper examines the findings from a study undertaken within one Midlands city to investigate this assumption. Based upon evidence from this study it is suggested that, while precedent can offer this particular policy area valuable lessons, homelessness is an issue which, due to its multi‐dimensionality, offers new and unique challenges of its own.     

中国农地制度变革对农业生产力及其布局的影响

文章回顾了 2 0世纪后 80年的农村土地制度变革的历史 ,指出中国农业生产力水平与我国农地制度的变革有着密切的联系。通过对 1978年以来的农业相对统计数据与农业制度改革的相关分析 ,得出中国农村土地制度变革是农业生产力及其布局变化的根本原因 ,并且发现 ,尽管存在资源、制度和市场的三重制约 ,我国农业生产力布局已开始向地区专业化分工的方向发展     

Health Policy and the Politics of Evidence

National decisions on the drugs, treatments and medical devices that should be funded through public expenditure are a fundamental element of health policy. But despite a political emphasis upon evidence‐based policy, the results of rigorous clinical trials and statistical modelling techniques rarely speak for themselves. So, does the pre‐eminence traditionally accorded to quantitative data in the medical field underpin policy decisions on a consistent basis? Or are more subtle, less transparent characteristics of context and interaction evident in the shaping of attendant decisions? This article considers these questions by drawing on a study of decision‐making in the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)—an organization established by the British government in 1999 to decide whether selected health technologies should be made available throughout the National Health Service in England and Wales. In broad terms, the findings point to the primacy of arguments based on quantitatively oriented, experimentally derived data but also to a discursive hegemony of clinicians and health economists in mediating, including or debarring more qualitative, experientially based evidence. A more complex, dynamic understanding of policy governance in the field of health technology appraisal—founded on a discursive appropriation of the idea of the “common good”—goes some way to explaining the persistence of this hegemony despite an avowedly inclusive, plural approach to decision‐making.     

Challenging Professional Roles: Lay Carers' Involvement in Health Care in the Community

The bulk of care in the community is carried out by lay carers. Recent policy initiatives to support them in the United Kingdom are outlined. There remains evidence of significant gaps in support from professional health and social‐care workers including community nurses. This paper reports three studies of lay carers: those caring for older people, carers of technology‐dependent children, and home‐care workers involved in the “direct payments” scheme. Findings are reported in the areas of decisions about appropriate caring roles, the lay–professional boundary, training and respite opportunities and the expertise of lay carers. Recommendations for policy and practices are made.     

State socialism and the welfare state: a critique of two conventional paradigms

The post–war development of industrialised nations has been led by the idea of a welfare state. On the other hand, research on current and former communist states is still dominated by an age–old notion of 'state socialism'. This article provides a critical assessment of the two conventional paradigms by reviewing their implications within the historical and international contexts. By tracing its ideological roots and contrasting with the changing reality, it is argued that state socialism was misused in representing Marxist guidelines and is outdated in characterising the reforming socialist societies. By emphasising the experience of developing nations the article further challenges the welfare state as the paradigm for studying the general direction of a modern society. Attention is drawn to the study of a general public policy, and the economic state model is revisited for conceptualising the experience of a non–welfare state nation such as China.     

经济转型时期收入分配实证分析

收入分配体现着人民的根本利益,对推动经济发展和社会进步至关重要。经济转型时期居民收入发生了剧烈变动,收入倾斜政策在破除平均主义的同时,也出现了贫富悬殊、两极分化的现象。保持收入差距,又要缩小贫富悬殊,是摆在我们面前的重要历史使命。实现共同富裕是我们的伟大目标,为此,必须加强政府公共政策导向和调控力度,使分配制度改革进入一个新的阶段。