The majority legal status of women in southern Africa: implications for women and families

Women in many countries of southern Africa do not have majority status or have only recently gained this right. Majority status grants individuals adult legal status and the right to bring matters to court, own and administer property, have legal custody of children, and contract for marriage. This article summarizes the legal status of women in Botswana, Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Lack of majority status contributes to the ongoing risk of poverty for women and makes them overly dependent on men. Compounding the situation in these countries is the presence of a dual legal system. Improving the situation of women and their families involves targeting changes in the legal system, influencing implementation of laws, educating women about their rights, and giving women needed support to seek their legal rights. The legal status of women must be viewed in the context of historical changes in the economic, educational, political, and cultural developments of society.The research for this paper was conducted during her previous faculty affiliation with the University of Michigan, School of Social Work. Her research interests include the impact of social change on women and families, rural mental health services, and health and mental health linkages. She received her Ph.D. from Rutgers University and her M.S.W. from the Columbia University School of Social Work.Her research interests are gender, work and family, culture and power, social transformations in rural and peri-urban communities, critical education, women and community politics, history of women, family and kinship issues, and community-based program development and evaluation. She received her M.S.W. from Dalhousie University, Halifax.     

发展我国风险投资业的法律保障问题研究

简要回顾了国家自然科学基金委员会青年科学基金项目“发展我国风险投资业的法律保障问题研究”的立项背景,系统地介绍了该项目的研究框架与主要内容、取得的主要成果和提出的主要观点,扼要地阐述了研究的理论与实践意义,以及项目研究成果被引用的情况。     

精准扶贫与老年贫困消减

精准扶贫是针对以往粗放型扶贫方式提出的扶贫方略。 提高扶贫效率,实现社会公平是精准扶贫的核心要件。 老年贫困人口是贫困群体的主体,要低成本、高效率地消减老年贫困问题,要更多地依靠社会保障制度建设,即更多地依靠制度性力量,更多地依赖市场力量。 只有建立和完善与我国社会发展阶段相契合的“ 普惠+特惠冶 的基本社会保障制度,才能真正实现老年人口精准扶贫的政策初衷,从而提升社会的效率与公平。     

论人身自由权的暂时性法律保护——以行政强制措施检察监督为视角

人身自由权是人的最基本的、最起码的权利,公民人身自由权的保护通过宪法确认,由具体的法律制度落实。我国法律制度中缺乏对行政权剥夺人身自由权的权力制约,从而使得人身自由权遭到严重侵害。暂时性法律保护的权力制约性、暂时性、及时性（中止性）和救济中的救济能够实现人身自由权的保护。人身自由权遭受严重损害的现实和现有的监督机制不足以保障公民人身自由权,使得人身自由暂时性法律保护成为必然。十八届四中全会的政策要求、国外的成功经验、民法上的人身安全保护令的实践经验以及刑罚执行上的“刀下留人”的经验使得人身自由暂时性法律保护成为可能。暂时性人身自由的法律保护制度适用于行政行为。借鉴西方人身保护状制度、建立限制人身自由行为的事前报告审查和行政相对人请求保护制度,能够实现人身自由的暂时性法律保护。     

新时代我国检察机关法律监督权的重构

国家立法者依照一元分立下衍生的国家法律监督理论建构了我国的检察系统,但没有在具体立法中规定其相应的全面监督职能。在设立监察委员会制度的背景下,我国宪制中的法律监督机关的构成将面临重大改革,检察机关的法律监督权必须予以重构,这为检察机关实现地位与职能的一致性和职能的优化提供了契机。在新时代背景下,检察机关法律监督权的重构,应当坚持宪法关于检察机关是法律监督机关的性质定位;遵循法治精神,在重构中实现国家权力分权制衡,发挥法律监督权维护人民主权的功能;反映司法规律,把公诉职能作为检察机关的核心职能并对之开展符合司法规律的职能优化。     

中国“三农”问题研究现状及其成果评价——基于国家社科基金项目及其成果论文的计量分析

随着国家社科基金项目对“三农”问题研究的资助力度不断加强,相关研究发展迅速且成果卓著,对此进行整体梳理,既有助于总结以往研究的经验,也有益于相关问题研究的不断深入.文章以1991-2015年立项的3 375项“三农”问题国家社科基金项目及其18 770篇成果论文为研究对象,对项目信息、成果论文、研究热点与评价等方面进行计量分析,全面呈现中国“三农”问题近30年的发展与研究状况.研究表明,农民、新生代农民工、新农村等为“三农”问题的研究热点,有关农民、农民工的论文最受关注且被引频次最高.     

论免费软件经营者的法定和契约义务及其法律规制

随着互联网开放共享精神的发展、计算机软件开发技术的改进,以及软件经营商业模式的改变,免费软件越来越多地呈献给广大互联网用户,随之也带来了更多的知识产权纠纷,侵犯个人隐私以及不正当竞争行为时有发生.软件免费经营如何实现盈利,根据权利义务对等原则,软件免费是否意味着软件经营者就无需承担义务？文章主要阐述了免费软件概念、内涵、盈利途径及法律性质,并通过对免费软件经营者的法定义务、契约义务的分析论证,提出有效的法律规制建议.     

The Structure of Legal Relations in Online Transactions*

As the civil law expression of internet plus transactions, the legal relations in online trading platform transactions constitute a complex aggregate of legal relationships composed of groups of legal relations. Specifically, they consist of three basic interlinked legal relationships: Contract relations for online trading platform services between the platform provider and the seller or service provider, and between the platform provider and the consumer. This includes the sales or service contract relations between the triad of the seller, the service provider and the consumer. These relations contain five kinds of major content, viz., the provision of transaction space, the publishing of transaction information, price escrow payment, distribution and delivery of the commodity, and transaction credit evaluation. They involve three forms of supplementary legal relations: the supplementary contract relationship between the platform provider and a third party payment institution; between the seller and third party credit reporting agency; and between the seller and a logistics enterprise. The three forms of supplementary contractual legal relations are set up to act on the major contents of the basic legal relationships in online transactions. On the basis of the online trading platform service contract relationships between the platform provider and the triad of the seller, the service provider and the consumer, the flow of the above- mentioned legal relations centers on the contract of sales or service set up between the seller, the service provider and the consumer to accomplish the aim of the online transaction, meet social needs and boost economic development.     

Perceptions of Randomized Security Schedules

Security of infrastructure is a major concern. Traditional security schedules are unable to provide omnipresent coverage; consequently, adversaries can exploit predictable vulnerabilities to their advantage. Randomized security schedules, which randomly deploy security measures, overcome these limitations, but public perceptions of such schedules have not been examined. In this experiment, participants were asked to make a choice between attending a venue that employed a traditional (i.e., search everyone) or a random (i.e., a probability of being searched) security schedule. The absolute probability of detecting contraband was manipulated (i.e., 1/10, 1/4, 1/2) but equivalent between the two schedule types. In general, participants were indifferent to either security schedule, regardless of the probability of detection. The randomized schedule was deemed more convenient, but the traditional schedule was considered fairer and safer. There were no differences between traditional and random schedule in terms of perceived effectiveness or deterrence. Policy implications for the implementation and utilization of randomized schedules are discussed.     

国际组织与成员国法律责任多重归属问题研究

国际组织和成员国的法律责任归属问题一直以来都是国际法争论的话题。政府间国际组织作为一类国际法主体,应独立承担法律责任。但在实践中,成员国在执行国际组织决议的过程中往往滥用国际组织法律人格,其行为不仅是国际组织法律人格的体现,还代表了自己的意志,造成法律责任归属不明。以此种争议情形为研究对象,结合1999年的使用武力合法性案,2007年欧洲人权法院的拜拉米案和萨拉马提(Behrami/Saramati)案、阿尔吉达(Al-Jedda)案以及2014年海牙法院关于斯雷布雷尼察(Srebrenica)诉荷兰案的相关判决,借鉴国外学者近几年的相关研究,认为应当坚持国际组织和成员国法律责任的多重归属。围绕责任多重归属原则的确立过程,通过对2011年《国际组织责任条款草案》相关条文的分析,明确了行为归属与责任归属的关系:只有确定行为归属之后,才能确定责任归属;为了最终确定责任的多重归属,提出以有效控制为标准认定行为归属,并明确这种有效控制是对具体行为的事实控制。