Occupational Sex Composition and Marriage: The Romantic Cost of Gender-Atypical Jobs

The author considers the mechanisms by which occupational sex composition (the proportion of women and men in an occupation) might be associated with romantic transitions in the United States. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to 2014, the author estimates the odds of marriage during a period of 35 years as a function of occupational and personal characteristics. Men's odds of marriage are decreased by working in predominately female occupations (75%–100% female) when compared with working in predominately male occupations (0%–25% female) or integrated (26%–74% female) occupations. Also, working in a predominately female occupation increases the odds that men have never married by ages 30 and 40. Women's odds of marriage are unrelated to occupational sex composition. Although the author focuses on marriage, the results are robust to including cohabitation as a competing risk. The author uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health 1994 to 2008 to replicate these findings in a more recent cohort with additional control variables. The romantic penalty for men's occupational gender atypicality demonstrates the continued devaluation of female activities and attributes and the resulting rigidity of expectations for men's gendered behavior, which may reinforce occupational segregation.     

从婚姻法法条的人际功能看中西婚姻文化——基于对《中华人民共和国婚姻法》第二章的汉英文本分析

从Halliday系统功能语法的人际功能角度出发，以《中华人民共和国婚姻法》的汉英文本为研究语料，试从语气系统和情态系统两方面考察法律语篇的人际特征，并从人际特征中归纳出婚姻文化特点，进而对中西婚姻文化观进行比较分析；并认为这种语言与民族文化的关联性研究还可以拓展到经验功能、语篇功能等语言学其他领域。     

万维网的小世界效应探讨

在工程信息的长期安全保存和可靠调用过程中，存在着信息和其使用系统之间的兼容问题和对信息定期检查、移存、转化的时间和效率问题。目前国内外对这两类问题还没有可行的解决方法和技术。介绍了“六度分离”现象和经典的小世界网络模型，提出了WWW模型的架构，并在此基础上提出了万维网中任意两个网页间链接路径的搜索算法和计算万维网的特征路径长度，借此验证万维网具有小世界效应，为解决大量级和分散性信息的管理问题提供了可靠的科学依据。     

The role of cohabitation in remarriage: a replication

Previous research has demonstrated that the effects of postdivorce cohabitation on the quality of intimate relationships are similar to those of premarital cohabitation. Thus, like premarital cohabitation in first marriage, postdivorce cohabitation in general and multi-partnered postdivorce cohabitation in particular delay remarriage and diminish relationship quality (i.e. undermine happiness and stability). However, such findings are based on survey data from the 1980s, such as the first wave of the National Survey of Families and Households. Using pooled samples from the National Survey of Family Growth (1995, 2002), the present study determines whether such findings can be replicated with more recent nationally representative data collected from remarried women between the ages of 15 and 44 (n=1915). Multivariate regression analyses reveal two major findings. First, as anticipated, premarital and postdivorce cohabitation, including multi-partnered forms of cohabitation, delay remarriage. Moreover, serial cohabitation also significantly delays remarriage. Second, remarriages preceded by either postdivorce cohabitation or serial cohabitation exhibit a higher likelihood of remarital disruption (i.e. dissolution or separation). Consequently, while premarital and postdivorce cohabitation have become common in the USA, postdivorce and serial cohabitation continue to exert disruptive effects on remarriages among young American women. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

When She Earns More Than He Does: A Longitudinal Study of Dual‐Earner Couples

In a random sample of 286 full‐time‐employed dual‐earner couples, we tested 3 competing hypotheses: when wives earn more than their husbands, (a) each partner's marital‐role quality (MRQ) decreases; (b) his MRQ increases, whereas effects on her MRQ are mixed; and (c) relationships vary with gender‐role beliefs (i.e., gender‐role ideology and subjective rewards of salary). We conceptualized salary as a couple‐level predictor with 4 components, 2 time varying and 2 time invariant, and estimated the relationship between 2 time‐varying components and MRQ. Women's MRQ was not significantly related to change in relative earnings. However, among men, the relationship varied by salary rewards.     

论宪政制度对美国外交政策的影响与作用

美国宪政的基本原则是权力的分立制约与合作主政，表现在外交权力上就是宪法把处理外交事务和军事事务的权力交给总统和国会共同行使；但它只是把一些具体权力分别赋予了国会和总统，却未明确总统与国会的外交权力界限，更没有规定外交事务到底由谁来负责，这就为二者之问的权力斗争埋下了种子。美国宪政制度中的分权制衡和权力中心“漂浮不定”特点，虽对外交政策带来很大的掣肘作用，但却从制度上为实现国家利益的最大化提供了宪政保证。     

Integrating Educational Careers in Work and Family

Educational careers are shaped by both work and family roles. This study compares middle-class dual-earner couples in which wives were currently returned to school (N = 124) with couples in which the wives had never returned to school (N = 866). These data are combined with additional in-depth interviews with 24 women who returned to school. Our life course perspective highlights why working women return to school, the resistance they experience in redefining family roles, and outcomes on family and marital satisfaction. Gendered family adaptive strategies, made earlier in the life course, are associated with the decisions to return to school and the negative impact this decision has on family life quality.     

潮汕婚姻禁忌习俗及其流变简论

潮汕人在长期的社会生产生活实践中形成了具有一定地方特色的、丰富多彩的婚姻禁忌习俗。潮汕婚姻禁忌习俗具有对幸福美满婚姻的追求;对喜庆欢乐婚礼气氛的点缀;符合一定的科学道理与社会道德规范等社会文化意义。由于社会的变迁,受现代文明的冲击以及人们生活方式和意识观念转变的影响,潮汕婚姻禁忌习俗发生了极大的流变。我们必须从潮汕婚姻禁忌习俗的流变中进行积极的思考,正确看待各种潮汕禁忌习俗,发挥其在建设文化潮汕、和谐潮汕中的积极作用。     

论杜波依斯的“双重意识”及其对美国黑人文学的影响

通过对杜波依斯的介绍及其"双重意识"概念的解释,阐述了美国黑人的内在心理冲突问题和困惑所在.指出杜波依斯"双重意识"的概念是欧洲浪漫主义和美国超验主义的产物,从象征意义和比喻意义两方面讨论了"双重意识"的内涵.指出"双重意识"揭示了黑人性格的二重性和黑人作家的两难抉择.分析了黑人文学作品中出现同化和分离之间的持续张力的原因,强调了杜波依斯提出的"双重意识"的重要作用.     

司法谦抑的理论与现实基础——以美国司法审查为视角

司法谦抑指的是在裁判案件的过程中,在司法自由裁量权的范围内,法院及法官对立法机关和行政机关的谦让与自我克制。司法谦抑是美国司法审查中许多法官所奉行的司法哲学之一,其形成的理论与现实基础主要有:第一,司法审查的"反多数难题"和民主渠道的优势;第二,分权原则的要求;第三,现代行政的专业性、技术性和程序正当性的不断增强,以及行政自由裁量权大量存在的必要性;第四,权力博弈中司法权相对弱小的现实格局。了解司法谦抑的形成,有利于促进我国法院自我理性定位和理性地推进行政诉讼制度之改革。