Children's response to the medical visit for allegations of sexual abuse: maternal perceptions and predicting variables

This study examined maternal perceptions of their child's response to the medical evaluation for alleged sexual abuse. A total of 50 mothers were interviewed 6 months after a visit to a Child Protection Clinic for a medical evaluation of alleged sexual abuse. The mothers answered a questionnaire on their child's reactions to the medical visit. More than 60% of children were perceived as being reassured about physical integrity. The degree of psychological distress was independent of perpetrator's identity and severity of the abuse. Mothers considered that a hypothetical second visit would generate in their child a level of anxiety that increased with perceived intensity of fear of the examination and decreased with perceived kindness of the physician. These results suggest that the physician's behaviour during the medical evaluation for alleged sexual abuse has an influence on the child's degree of distress that is independent of type and severity of abuse. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reliability of global sensitivity indices

Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis is an essential ingredient of model development and applications. For many uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques, sensitivity indices are calculated based on a relatively large sample to measure the importance of parameters in their contributions to uncertainties in model outputs. To statistically compare their importance, it is necessary that uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques provide standard errors of estimated sensitivity indices. In this paper, a delta method is used to analytically approximate standard errors of estimated sensitivity indices for a popular sensitivity analysis method, the Fourier amplitude sensitivity test (FAST). Standard errors estimated based on the delta method were compared with those estimated based on 20 sample replicates. We found that the delta method can provide a good approximation for the standard errors of both first-order and higher-order sensitivity indices. Finally, based on the standard error approximation, we also proposed a method to determine a minimum sample size to achieve the desired estimation precision for a specified sensitivity index. The standard error estimation method presented in this paper can make the FAST analysis computationally much more efficient for complex models.     

Relevance of Risk Predictions Derived from a Chronic Species Sensitivity Distribution with Cadmium to Aquatic Populations and Ecosystems

Criteria to protect aquatic life are intended to protect diverse ecosystems, but in practice are usually developed from compilations of single‐species toxicity tests using standard test organisms that were tested in laboratory environments. Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) developed from these compilations are extrapolated to set aquatic ecosystem criteria. The protectiveness of the approach was critically reviewed with a chronic SSD for cadmium comprising 27 species within 21 genera. Within the data set, one genus had lower cadmium effects concentrations than the SSD fifth percentile‐based criterion, so in theory this genus, the amphipod Hyalella, could be lost or at least allowed some level of harm by this criteria approach. However, population matrix modeling projected only slightly increased extinction risks for a temperate Hyalella population under scenarios similar to the SSD fifth percentile criterion. The criterion value was further compared to cadmium effects concentrations in ecosystem experiments and field studies. Generally, few adverse effects were inferred from ecosystem experiments at concentrations less than the SSD fifth percentile criterion. Exceptions were behavioral impairments in simplified food web studies. No adverse effects were apparent in field studies under conditions that seldom exceeded the criterion. At concentrations greater than the SSD fifth percentile, the magnitudes of adverse effects in the field studies were roughly proportional to the laboratory‐based fraction of species with adverse effects in the SSD. Overall, the modeling and field validation comparisons of the chronic criterion values generally supported the relevance and protectiveness of the SSD fifth percentile approach with cadmium.     

Deconstructing maternal sensitivity: Predictive relations to mother‐child attachment in home and laboratory settings

Despite the well‐documented importance of parental sensitivity for child development, there is a lack of consensus regarding how best to assess it. We investigated the factor structure of maternal caregiving behavior as assessed at 12 months by the Maternal Behavior Q‐Sort (Pederson & Moran) with 274 mother‐infant dyads. Subsequently, we examined associations between these empirically‐derived dimensions and child attachment, assessed in the home and laboratory (final N = 157). Three dimensions of maternal behavior were identified, corresponding fairly closely to Ainsworth's original scales. They were labeled Cooperation/Attunement, Positivity, and Accessibility/Availability. Only Cooperation/Attunement consistently predicted home‐based attachment at 15 months and 2 years, and at comparable strength to the overall sensitivity score, suggesting that this construct may be central to sensitivity. At 18 months, compared to their primarily secure counterparts, different types of laboratory‐assessed insecure attachment were associated with different patterns of maternal behavior. Mothers in avoidant relationships (n = 18) were low on Cooperation/Attunement and Accessibility/Availability, but fairly high on Positivity. Mothers of disorganized infants (n = 11) were Cooperative/Attuned but somewhat less Positive toward, and less Accessible/Available to, their infants. A multidimensional approach to parental behavior may facilitate the identification of parenting precursors of insecure parent‐child relationships.     

Evidence-based treatments for trauma among culturally diverse foster care youth: Treatment retention and outcomes

This study describes the implementation of three evidence-based treatments addressing traumatic stress symptoms within a wraparound foster care program in Illinois. Child–Parent Psychotherapy (CPP), Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT), and Structured Psychotherapy for Adolescents Responding to Chronic Stress (SPARCS) were implemented with a racially diverse sample of youth ages 3–18 at six agencies. Culturally sensitive adaptations were made to treatment approaches to improve client retention and outcomes. Data analyses revealed no racial differences in retention in the program and no differences in outcomes between minority youth exposed to the intervention and other participants. All three evidence-based treatments were effective in reducing symptoms and improving functioning among minority youth. Implementation issues, including challenges and culturally competent accommodations, are discussed.     

重庆地区奶牛隐性乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

本文对重庆地区6个奶牛场的76头黑白花奶牛294份奶样,采用LMT方法检测隐性乳房炎,按常规方法分离鉴定病原菌,用纸片法对其病原菌进行药敏试验。结果表明,LMT阳性奶牛检出率为78.94％、阳性乳区的检出率为50.34％;阳性乳区的细菌检出率为87.83％;分离鉴定的病原菌以葡萄球菌和链球菌为主,占检出细菌总数的94.60％;而这些病原菌对庆大霉素、氯霉素和红霉素的敏感性最高。目前在临床是可首选此类药物治疗奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

母性：杜拉斯笔下的一方圣土

母爱的缺失和找寻循环贯穿于杜拉斯的一生，由此形成的“母性情结”反映在写作中，使得其文本中的母亲形象表现出偏执、扭曲、神圣、慈善等多面性的母性特征。杜拉斯的母性情结及其文本中的母性书写体现了作家对父权文化的矛盾态度。     

“母性思维”与当代中国家庭教育中的关怀叙事

关怀伦理学主张从母性实践出发，在与子女建立亲密关系的过程中给予子女保护性的爱，对子女进行精神上的教养，帮助子女形成社会化人格等，文章以关怀伦理学中的母性思维为视角，以池莉等作家依据自身母性实践创作的关怀叙事作品为例，与柏杨、余华等人作品中父职角色在家庭中充当道德权威的书写对比，探讨了"母性思维"观念对于当代中国家庭教育的积极意义，即促进家庭中亲密关系和信赖关系的产生，同时父职身份也应该受到"母性思维"观念的影响相应地进行转化，从道德权威转变为道德关怀。     

低渗储层应力敏感评价方法探讨

应力敏感评价是储层保护以及油气井产能评价的重要依据，尤其对低渗储层更显意义重大。目前国内对油气储层的应力敏感评价方法及标准尚存在争议,通过对国内外曾提出的应力敏感评价     

呼唤自然母性情怀——论铁凝小说的母性意识

女作家铁凝在小说中塑造了形形色色的母亲形象，表达了对自然母性情怀的强烈呼唤，在当代女性文学中凸显了独特、厚重、深刻的母性意识的特质。即对传统母亲形象的理性审视、对现实母亲的“审丑”意识以及歌颂自然母性的伟力。