母性存在:从神话到叙事——论九十年代女性写作中的母性重塑

2 0世纪 90年代的女作家把握住自身的性别优势 ,在叙事层面对母性存在做了多个维度的书写。不论是对潜藏的“母性恶”的书写 ,还是从母女场景向同性情谊的转移 ,以及对“母爱”的重新言说 ,都体现了 90年代女性写作的深刻反省和洞察能力     

防辐射孕妇装的防护性能与市场热点成因分析

通过对电磁辐射的危害、孕妇心理、防辐射面料性能,及防辐射孕妇装的结构与性能等进行分析,得出防辐射孕妇装成为市场热点的成因,并对市场上以防辐射面料的检测结果代替防辐射服装的功效证明做了一定的讨论.     

流动人口生育保险参保及受惠的影响因素分析——以苏南三地为例

随着经济发展和社会进步,流动人口的数量不断增多,关于流动人口的生育保障问题也引起了社会的广泛关注?文章通过对江苏省南京?无锡?苏州三市的调研,深度分析了流动人口生育保障现状,并运用Logistic模型对流动人口生育保险受惠的影响因素进行了研究?结果显示,三地流动人口的生育保险参保率均低于当地水平,相关政策还未完全落实;流动人口生育保险的受惠度主要受年龄?受教育程度?生育期间就业情况?对生育保险重视程度?用人单位所在地区?用人单位生育保障知识普及度等因素影响?     

Demographic Research in Britain 1936–1986

We use data from the nationally representative 1997 Demographic and Reproductive Health Survey to examine use of maternity services in rural China. The data indicate that roughly 60 per cent of women had at least one prenatal visit, while 40 per cent had a professionally assisted birth over the period 1988–97. Despite China's shift from a more socialist to a more privatized health care system, use of maternity services increased over this period. These increases are consistent with the push toward integration of reproductive health into family planning that emerged after the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development and the 1995 Fourth World Women's Conference held in Beijing. At the same time, we find indirect evidence that the target-based population policy may well have exerted downward pressure on use of maternity services; differences by parity are marked and multilevel models predicting use of maternity services indicate underdispersion at the individual level.     

Organizational change, health, and sick leave among health care employees: A longitudinal study measuring stress markers, individual, and work site factors

This controlled longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the effects of organizational change on employees' self-reported health, work satisfaction, work-related exhaustion, stress, and sick leave. The population consisted of 226 employees at T1 and 198 at T2, divided into a study group affected by organizational changes, and a reference group not affected by them. Group differences for the outcome measures self-rated health (SRH), work satisfaction, work-related exhaustion, and hormones associated with stress were analysed using a two-factor ANOVA design for repeated measurements. Our findings showed no significant differences, either across time or between groups for SRH, work satisfaction, and work-related exhaustion. However, we did find significant change across time and between groups for the recovery hormone DHEA-S. Days of sick leave increased by 7% for employees in the study group and by 2% in the reference group. Serum cortisol showed significantly decreased levels across time but not between groups. The decreased recovery potential in the study group might have long-term health implications. The study points to the importance of looking at the impact of organizational change on employee well-being from a number of perspectives, such as self-reported health parameters, registered sick-leave data, and biological stress markers.     

Changing the Gender Balance in Caring: Fatherhood and the Division of Parental Leave in Norway

In this article, we study fathers’ use of parental leave in Norway, using register data from 1993 to 1997. In 1993, a special father’s quota (1 month) was introduced in the parental leave program. The father’s quota is a success in the sense that 85% of fathers entitled to the leave use it, but few take more than their quota (1 month). One policy intention was to make a real change in the gender balance in care. The analyses show that gender balance in breadwinning has a strong effect on fathers’ use of parental leave: controlling for parents’ educational level, labor market attachment and father’s income, we find that the more mothers contribute to the family economy and the more equalized their earnings are, the more parental leave fathers take.     

Work/Family Policy Stratification: The Examples of Family Support and Family Leave

In the past decade the United States Congress has debated and passed legislative policies concerned with women's work, both in the family and in the labor force. The Family Support Act of 1988 and the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 fall into this category of legislative policy. A comparative study of Congressional testimony in each case reveals that these two pieces of legislation are excellent examples of how federal policies—and the debates which fashion these policies—maintain and promote a system of policy stratification that perpetuates differences based on gender, race, class and marital and occupational status.     

Why are Swedes sick but Finns unemployed?

While the Finnish and Swedish social security systems are structurally quite similar, the two countries show marked differences both in the recipiency rates of sickness and work disability benefits and in the level of open un­employment. In Sweden, the usage of sickness-related benefits since the beginning of the 1990s has varied in inverse relation to the level of registered unemployment, whereas in Fin­land, recipiency rates of sickness and work disability benefits have remained fairly constant, registered unemployment having typically been more than twice the Swedish level. Using the available statistical data, the article explores the differences in the prevalences of sickness, work disability and unemployment benefits between Sweden and Finland. Factors that may explain the divergence between the two countries are sought and interpreted from the long-term differences in welfare-state strategies and the structural features of the social security systems under investigation.     

Family Policy and After-Birth Employment Among New Mothers – A Comparison of Finland, Norway and Sweden

This article compares the employmentpatterns of women after first and second birthin Finland, Norway and Sweden during 1972–1992,focusing on the impact of parental leave andchildcare programs on the transitions tofull-time and part-time work. The resultsunanimously point to the great importance ofthe programs. Women who are entitled to a paidleave have a much higher overall employmententry rate during the first three yearsfollowing birth than non-eligible women.But since mothers tend to use their fullentitlement, the higher entry rates are largelyconcentrated to the period after leave expiry,except in Sweden where entitled mothers havehigher entry rates also during the leaveperiod. This is probably a result of thegreater flexibility of the Swedish program. Inall countries, leave extensions delay thereturn to work among entitled mothers andreduce their excess entry rate. Moreover, theFinnish home-care allowance system is found toreduce employment entry. On the whole, thissuggests that very long leave entitlements andchild-minding benefit programs could havenegative consequences for women's career andearnings potentials and may preserve an unequaldivision of labour in the family.     

On the sharing of temporary parental leave: the case of Sweden

This paper views temporary parental leave (leave from work to take care of a sick child) as a household public good, produced with time inputs of the parents as the only input. Assuming equal productivities in the production of temporary parental leave and equal utility functions of the spouses, different household decision-making processes are applied to develop theoretical hypotheses on sharing that are thereafter tested empirically. The empirical estimations show that the decision-making process of the spouses can be explained by a Stackelberg model with male dominance. A stronger threat-point of the female is found to push the intra household allocation of temporary parental leave towards greater sharing between the spouses. In addition, an increase in the insurance ceiling will further sharing of temporary parental leave in some families, while reducing it in others.