家庭教养方式与幼儿心理健康的关系研究

采用儿童长处与困难问卷（Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire）、教养方式与维度问卷（Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire）及自编幼儿及家庭调查问卷,调查陕西省幼儿心理健康水平及其家庭教养方式的现状,继而探究家庭教养方式与幼儿心理健康状况之间的关联性,为预防和减少幼儿心理问题的发生,促进早期家庭养育指导提供实证依据。结果表明：家庭教养方式是幼儿心理健康水平的重要预测因素,专制型、放任型教养方式与幼儿心理风险增加相关,权威型教养方式与幼儿心理风险降低相关。建议：重视西部地区幼儿的心理健康发展,善用权威教养弱化专制教养,同时加强对家长教养方式的早期指导与干预。     

Return to work among employees with mental health problems: Development and validation of a self-efficacy questionnaire

Abstract

Because of the costs to both the organization and the individual, it is important that employees who are sick-listed with mental health problems are facilitated in their return to work (RTW). In order to provide adequate interventions, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of the RTW process of people with mental health problems. Work-related self-efficacy (SE) might play a key role within this process. This paper describes the development and validation of the return-to-work self-efficacy’ scale (RTW-SE) for employees with mental health problems. Three Dutch samples of sick-listed employees were used to validate the 11-item instrument (N=2214). Based on the factor structure and reliability results, RTW-SE was conceptualized as a unitary construct. The associations with general SE, locus of control, coping, physical workload and mental health problems support the construct validity of this scale. Most importantly, RTW-SE proved to be a robust predictor of actual return to work within three months. The encouraging preliminary psychometric properties of the scale make it a potentially valuable tool in research and in clinical practice and occupational health care settings, both before and after employees have returned to work.     

Job demands,job control,and mental health in an 11-year follow-up study: Normal and reversed relationships

Abstract

Despite numerous studies of the demand-control model, there is a need for more longitudinal studies to test not only the normal, but also the reversed and reciprocal relationships between work characteristics and mental health. There is also a need for more studies of the multiplicative interaction between demands and control with respect to mental health, which is different from the simple additive effect of the two variables. This is a longitudinal study with an exceptionally long period of follow-up (11 years), with the focus on normal as well as reciprocal and reversed causality between work characteristics and mental health, as measured by reliable instruments close to the original definitions of Karasek. The study was based on a sample of 439 Norwegian employees of different occupations who had stayed in the same profession during the follow-up period. The results were in agreement with the hypothesis that low job control, and in particular low control in combination with high demands (“high strain jobs”), has a negative effect on mental health. There was a significant multiplicative interaction between demands and control, indicating a “buffering” effect of job control. Job demands alone were not significantly associated with mental health. The reversed relationship hypothesis was supported for job demands, but not for job control.     

Musculoskeletal discomfort and work-related stress in New Zealand dentists

Abstract

There has been little research into the stressors, psychological distress and musculoskeletal symptoms experienced by dentists. The present study was carried out among a random sample of New Zealand dentists (N=413). The present study aimed to identify the severity of work psychosocial stressors, examine the occurrence of musculoskeletal discomfort and psychological disturbance, and determine relationships between these factors. The average age of the dentists was 43 years, with 74% being male. The annual prevalence of symptoms in both the lower back or neck was 63%, with 49% experiencing symptoms in the shoulders. Older dentists were no more likely to suffer musculoskeletal discomfort than younger dentists. The highest ranking dentistry-specific work-related stressor was ‘patients having a medical emergency’ with 78% scoring this stressor very highly. Dentists scored mental demands as the highest general work-related stressor. One-fifth of the dentists scored highly for psychological disturbance, which was very similar to the general population. Dentists with high scores for dentistry-specific work-related stressors were more likely to have evidence of psychological disturbance. The relationships between psychological disturbance and musculoskeletal discomfort needs to be taken into account when considering any multidisciplinary approach to prevention.     

革命亲历者的历史体验与反思——论王蒙的“季节”系列小说

"季节系列"小说是王蒙对建国以来中国知识分子命运际遇、生命历程、历史意义的一次总结。他以亲历者的身份,经过多年的思索、沉淀,完成了当代知识分子命运的一次自我反思。"季节系列"小说对于历史的认知与体认不同于"伤痕"、"反思"文学的既定模式,王蒙不再将注意力放在历史现象的描摹与再现上,而是力求透过现象追问其背后的内在因缘,其深刻的意义在于因弥合了现象与本质之间的缝隙而成功实现了自我的超越与历史的超越。     

从华人文化脉络反思台湾高龄社会下的老人福祉

为了以具本土契合性的方式理解华人社会中新兴的高龄化议题,文章从亲子代间伦理的角度切入,在台湾社会文化与现行政策脉络下,以华人孝道概念为核心,整合西方既有研究概念及研究取向,进而建构一套适用于探究华人文化脉络下高龄福祉议题的前沿理论。孝道概念及文化在近期高龄化趋势下开始受到西方学术社群与政策单位的重视,但可惜的是,无论华人或欧美研究者往往都将孝道内涵局限于"奉养年老父母的义务",或子女在物质、劳务与情感层面上提供父母代间支持之义务,而未能掌握华人文化中各种孝道行为在个人、家庭与社会等层次上的不同功能与意涵。有鉴于此,文章特别援用华人孝道双元模型,借助其在孝道概念化方式上兼具亲子代间关系运作特征、儒家伦理展现形式之优势,完整反映出孝道在华人社会中同时涵盖私德与公德领域的运作特征,及其在个人、家庭及社会层次上的多元功能,据以深入解读台湾老人福祉议题与相关现象、政策方向背后更细微的本土特色与伦理意涵。     

语境理论的新发展：社会认知途径——van Dijk的两部语境新著述评

语境研究过去主要遵循形式结构的研究范式,没有纳入认知、心理和社会的维度, van Dijk在语境理论方面的跨学科新探索改变了这一研究现状。首先揭示出目前语境研究存在的本质性问题,然后在此基础上,对van Dijk的社会认知模式的主要观点加以简要述评。van Dijk的两部语境新著,不仅完善了其话语分析的理论模式,同时也将进一步促成批评认知语言学这一分支学科的产生。     

“命价”视野中死亡损害赔偿的计算及其完善

死亡赔偿是对死者之外民事主体物质性利益和精神性利益的赔偿。一般的物质性损失须以实际发生的损失额为计算标准;死亡赔偿金的计算则应采用有限制的定额化方法。常态性的精神损害可实现定额化赔偿,一般的精神损害则应在法定限额幅度内,由法官参酌影响因素酌定赔偿。     

和谐社会建构中的气象灾害管理探析

气象灾害对社会的影响极大,在和谐社会建构过程中,气象灾害管理是重要任务之一,也是实现人与自然和谐相处的主要指标之一。气象灾害不仅影响个体（身心）和谐,产生心理和生理方面的恶性循环,造成极大的心理创伤;还会影响社会整体（群体）和谐,严重威胁人民群众的生命和财产安全,引起社会恐慌,瓦解社会正常的秩序与运转机制。和谐社会建构中的气象灾害管理,要在反思目前的思维方式与发展理念的基础上,加强气象灾害法规建设,提高民众的投保意识,提高公众的灾害意识,倡导公众的广泛参与,建立强有力的研究团队,科学制定灾害预防措施,并重视灾后心理干预工作。     

Voices of recovery: what helps in the recovery of people with lived experiences of mental disorder

Eight participants were recruited from a mental wellness centre run by SRACP in Hong Kong. The participants were interviewed with a focus on the factors they had found helpful in their experience of recovering from mental disorders. Analysed results identified seven themes: (1) receiving support from one or more helping professionals; (2) work; (3) social relationships; (4) treatments; (5) changes in own beliefs and attitudes; (6) self-management, and (7) religion. These themes are explored in this paper, which proposes that the practices of a mental health service can be better oriented towards recovery if there is increased focus on these different aspects of recovery.