思想政治工作应注重人文关怀和心理疏导

思想政治工作注重人文关怀和心理疏导,不仅是思想政治工作创新发展的新课题,也是思想政治工作面对问题和挑战的必然选择。必须准确理解和把握人文关怀和心理疏导的科学内涵,坚持"以人为本"工作理念,积极拓展思想政治工作的内容并创新思想政治工作方法和手段。     

图形设计在现代设计教学中的开展及意义

现代设计的发展决定了现代设计教学的特点.图形设计教学在围绕着现代设计观念展开的同时也对现代设计的发展起着推动作用.科学的图形设计教学体系,完整的图形设计课程设置,促使图形设计教学为整个现代设计教育奠定重要的基础.     

“狂欢”与“逍遥”——巴赫金狂欢化诗学与庄子逍遥游思想异同比较

从审美文化精神的角度进行比较，不难发现巴赫金的“狂欢化”诗学和庄子的“逍遥游”思想有着不同的精神内涵和文化取向。不同的社会文化语境造就了二者不同的理论品格，共同的世俗压抑和社会不公又给他们注入了相似的叛逆因子。在他们的性格和理论中，“孤独”与“旷达”并存，“出世”与“入世”对待，“狂欢”与“逍遥”辉映。二者异曲同工，各具千秋。     

王阳明心学思想中非理性之维对德育的理念启示

在传统德育乃至现代的形式化德育当中,程朱理学占据着非常重要的地位,其侧重点在于理性至上,强调理性对于个体单向的塑造,从而导致理性愈来愈成为异己的、强制的力量。而王阳明心学在不忽视理性的前提下,给予了非理性因素应有的地位和重视,落实到德育领域,非理性之维更是实现道德有效性的途径之一,这在一定程度上为今天的德育提供了理念上的启示。     

Teaching Three Year-Olds to Pass False Belief Tests: A Conversational Approach

A training procedure was developed for teaching three year-old children to pass a standard false belief task. A series of 4 video sequences was developed, in each of which a child showed surprise following the unexpected transfer of an object. A group of 23 three year-olds who failed a standard false belief task took part in 8 discussions of the 4 video clips, over a period of two weeks, and were compared with a control group of 23 task-failers who had 8 story reading sessions over the same time period. The training involved (a) interactive recall of the initial events in each sequence, (b) factual questioning about the events and (c) an explanation of the thoughts and actions of the video protagonists. The emphasis was on positive elaboration of children's answers rather than on negative feedback as counter evidence. The training group performed significantly better at an immediate post-test, and at a follow-up test two weeks later, on a similar as well as a generalisation task. Task success was unrelated to vocabulary (BPVS) score, but was significantly related to success of responses during the training. The results indicate learning in the Training group of a discursive format for talking about events useful for describing false beliefs.     

The concurrent and longitudinal impact of sleep on mind wandering in early adolescents

Mind wandering refers to task-unrelated thoughts that can interfere with ongoing tasks and could be sleep-driven across childhood. The present study investigated the mechanisms of the association between early adolescents' sleep and mind wandering with emotional symptoms and executive function as potential mediators. A total of 257 early adolescents (baseline aged 9–13 years old; 131 boys) completed the questionnaires consisting of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, mind wandering, depression and anxiety symptoms, and executive function. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data revealed a sequential mediation pathway of emotional symptoms and executive function in the association between sleep and mind wandering. The mediating effect of emotional symptoms in the link between sleep quality and mind wandering was significant among boys but not girls.     

Maternal depression and children’s false belief understanding

Children of depressed mothers show substantial social impairment, which increases their risk for developing depression. Theory of mind understanding forms the basis of social functioning, and is impaired in children of currently depressed mothers. Models of risk emphasize that a history of any maternal depression confers risk to later psychopathology. Therefore, we tested a novel model of the impact of lifetime maternal depression on children’s false belief understanding that accounts for three primary factors that scaffold this understanding: maternal mental state talk, and children’s executive functioning and language abilities. Children aged 41–48 months with a maternal lifetime history of major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 19) performed significantly more poorly on the false belief battery compared to those without (n = 44). Further, lower levels of mental state talk, child executive functioning, and child language ability were significantly associated with poorer false belief scores. However, the relation between maternal MDD and children’s false belief performance was not mediated by any of these factors. These results indicate that maternal depression predicts poorer false belief understanding independently of other crucial scaffolding variables, and may be a social cognitive mechanism underlying the intergenerational transmission of depression.     

Differentiating Processes of Control and Understanding in the Early Development of Emotion and Cognition

In this study, we examined the hypothesis that preschoolers' performance on emotion and cognitive tasks is organized into discrete processes of control and understanding within the domains of emotion and cognition. Additionally, we examined the relations among component processes using mother report, behavioral observation, and physiological measures of emotion control. Participants were 263 children (42 percent non‐White) and their mothers. Results indicated that the three approaches of measuring emotion control were unrelated. Regardless of the measurement method, a four‐factor solution differentiating emotion control and understanding and cognitive control and understanding fits the data better than did either of two two‐factor models, one based on domains of emotion and cognition across processes, and one based on processes of control and understanding across domains. Results of this research replicate those of Leerkes et al. in describing a differentiated underlying structure of emotion and cognition processes in early childhood while also extending these conclusions across samples and across measurement approaches for assessing emotion control.     

The Interpretation of Line of Regard by Prelingually Deaf Children

The ability of 5- to 12-year-old deaf children to utilise and interpret another person's visual line of regard (where the eyes are looking) was studied in four experiments using cartoon faces. The children had little difficulty in determining whether or not a face was looking directly at them. They had more difficulty, however, with more complex tasks requiring them to infer mental states of desire and intention from line of regard and to ignore line of regard when it was inappropriate to attend to this cue. Deaf children raised in a hearing environment appear to have more difficulty with these more complex tasks than hearing children. The results are discussed in terms of the special difficulties facing some deaf children in the development of skills involving utilisation of line of regard and the implications for the development of joint attentional behaviour, theory of mind and dyadic social interaction in deaf and hearing children.     

‘Speak roughly to your little boy’? Sex Differences in the Relations Between Parenting and Preschoolers’ Understanding of Mind

The present study explores relations between young children's understanding of mind and parental emotional expression and disciplinary style, along with gender differences in these relations. Participants were recruited from a study of 125 same-sex twin-pairs (58% female; group mean age 5 43 months, SD 5 1 month). Each child received a comprehensive set of theory-of-mind tasks, and was filmed at home for 20 minutes in dyadic interactions with the primary caregiver, who was also interviewed about disciplinary strategies. Ratings of discipline and positive and negative parental affect and control were made from direct observation, from the interview, and from the videoed interactions. Strong correlations were found between family SES, parenting measures, and child verbal IQ and theory-of-mind score. However, regression analyses showed that parental behaviours were significant predictors of children's theory-of-mind performance, even when sex, verbal IQ and family SES were taken into account. Sex differences in these relations were also identified; parental affect was especially salient for understanding of mind in girls, while discipline was more salient for boys. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of individual differences in the proximal processes associated with early understanding of mind, and suggest that development in mental-state awareness is associated with distinct aspects of parenting for girls and boys.