海域使用权抵押担保法律问题探析

海域使用权在现有法律体系中作为一类新兴用益物权,在其上设定的担保属于权利抵押。海域使用权抵押担保可以优化资源配置,最大限度地实现海域使用效益最大化,符合法律经济学原理。目前,我国海域使用权抵押担保尚处于摸索阶段,在立法上不仅层级不高,而且规定过于原则,在实践层面缺乏专业的海域价值评估机构和评估标准。而二级海域流转市场不甚发达,海域使用权抵押实现受阻,且常与相邻涉海权利发生冲突,也影响了海域使用权抵押担保融资功能的发挥。为此,我国应该尽快完善立法,实行统一的海域使用权抵押登记制度,设立专业的第三方评估机构,确定不同类型的海域使用权价值评估标准,建立流转市场的服务平台,协调好与其他涉海权利的关系,完善海域使用权抵押实现方式,以促进海域使用权抵押担保的发展。     

林业政策对林权抵押贷款信用风险影响的实证分析

以198份银行信贷员的调查资料为依据,通过建立多类别逻辑回归模型,分析林业政策对林权抵押贷款信用风险的影响。研究结果表明林权登记管理政策、限额采伐管理政策、林权交易管理政策对林权抵押贷款信用风险的影响显著,指出政府应通过健全我国林权登记管理政策与完善限额采伐管理政策和林权交易管理政策等,以进一步维护金融交易安全,推动林权抵押贷款持续开展。     

信用证欺诈例外原则的豁免研究

独立和抽象原则是信用证交易的基石,但它在客观上存在着保护欺诈受益人的缺点。因此,各国都纷纷建立信用证欺诈倒外原则来进行补救,但信用证欺诈例外原则的滥用又会给信用证交易的善意第三人利益带来冲击,于是信用证欺诈例外原则的豁免应运而生。美国率先在《美国统一商法典》中规定了信用证欺诈例外原则的豁免,英国也通过一系列的判例对信用证欺诈例外原则的豁免给以肯定。我国的信用证立法比较薄弱,虽然近年来的判例和相关文件表明我国对信用证欺诈例外原则的豁免持肯定态度,但立法上的完善应是必须的。     

我国住房抵押贷款证券化运作系统设计及定价模型

随着住房产业作为国民经济支柱产业的确立以及货币分房政策的实施,住房抵押贷款成为全社会最主要的住房消费方式。然而住房贷款规模的不断扩大,不仅增加了银行信贷压力,加剧了资金供需矛盾,也给银行带来了“短存长贷”引起的流动性问题。住房抵押贷款证券化作为现代金融创新之一,对于构筑住房金融二级市场,促进住房消费信贷的长远健康发展具有重大意义。文章在分析我国住房抵押贷款证券化意义的基础上,探讨了证券化运作系统设计及定价问题。     

论以土地承包经营权抵押为特征的金融制度

在我国建立以土地承包经营权为抵押的农村金融制度具有重要的现实意义 ,它能促进农地资源有效利用 ,提高农地利用的效益。目前世界上许多国家都建立了自己的农地抵押金融制度。根据我国实际情况 ,应消除现有法律上的障碍 ,设立类似于外国土地银行的政策性银行 ,主管我国的土地承包经营权抵押贷款金融制度 ,但在具体的抵押权规定方面 ,如对土地附着物的效力及抵押权实现方面应与一般抵押权制度相区别。     

信用证欺诈例外研究

信用证欺诈例外是对传统的信用证独立性原则的突破。文章拟从信用证欺诈例外的确立及其界定,以及银行、法院、申请人在信用证欺诈中的法律职责等问题进行探讨,并提出完善信用证欺诈例外制度若干建议。     

The victim–offender overlap in late adulthood

This study contributes to the general knowledge of the victim–offender overlap by determining whether the phenomenon exists among older adults and whether known correlates of crime and victimization explain the relationship. Cross-sectional survey data from telephone interviews conducted with individuals 60 years and older (N = 2,000) residing in Arizona and Florida are used to estimate confirmatory factor models for both victimization and criminal offending. The results from a series of multivariate regression models show that victimization is associated with criminal offending. While factors such as low self-control, depression, and spending time in commercial drinking establishments partially attenuate the victimization–crime link, the statistically significant relationship persists in a multivariate context. Further testing indicates that the observed findings are robust across measurement and modeling strategies. Coupled with prior research, the results support the argument that the victim–offender overlap exists (and is difficult to explain) over the life course.     

Bonus—Malus模型在银行贷款机制中的应用

将Bonus—MalLis模型应用到银行贷款业务,通过调整银行的Bonus-MalLis贷款利率来减少贷款欺诈行为。主要是建立借款人的银行个人信用体系,通过借款人上阶段的还款利率和表现决定其下阶段还款利率,这样就提供了一种与完全审计机制不同的奖惩机制。在一些简单假设下可证明Bonus—Malus利率将会消除所有欺诈行为,而非仅仅减少欺诈行为。     

The market for (Ir)reproducible econometrics

Context: As the volume and complexity of research have increased, the amount of time spent on Institutional Review Board (IRB) review has decreased. The complexity of research has expanded, requiring increasingly specialized knowledge to review it. Dilemma: Under the current system, increasing numbers of research studies requiring expertise in ethics, new technologies or diverse study designs place a substantial burden upon local IRBs and often result in substantial variability among their reviews. This lack of uniformity in the review process creates uneven human subjects’ protection thus undermining the intent of the Common Rule. Objectives: To outline a scenario for expert centralized IRB review via implementation of a national virtual IRB review system overseen by the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP). Conclusions: The complicated ethical issues and science involved in much of current research warrant an expert review panel. Centralized review would enable expert review specific to the research at hand, ensure consistency in human subjects protection, reduce the burden on local IRBs, and may reduce time spent obtaining approval. A centralized virtual system would allow IRB members to remain at their institutions while providing unprecedented expert review through currently available technology, and make information regarding monitoring and adverse event reporting available online in real-time.