女性文学--浮出历史地表的另一含义

女性文学“浮出历史地表”的含义不仅是指对传统性别秩序的抗衡 ,以取得跟男性平等的话语权力 ,而且也指女性历史积淀下的艺术潜质的释放。女性“暴力美学”所呈现人性层面上的生命体验的极致 ,女性对色、声、味的感知优势中包含的美学潜能 ,女性语言构成的文本魅力 ,这些久被拘囿、遮蔽的艺术潜质 ,在 90年代前后的中国大陆、台港、海外女作家创作中都得到了清醒的自审和不懈的开掘 ,构成这一时期女性文学发展的真正基础。     

A Pharmacokinetic Study of Occupational and Environmental Benzene Exposure with Regard to Gender

Using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, occupational, personal, and environmental benzene exposure scenarios are simulated for adult men and women. This research identifies differences in internal exposure due to physiological and biochemical gender differences. Physiological and chemical-specific model parameters were obtained from other studies reported in the literature and medical texts for the subjects of interest. Women were found to have a higher blood/air partition coefficient and maximum velocity of metabolism for benzene than men (the two most sensitive parameters affecting gender-specific differences). Additionally, women generally have a higher body fat percentage than men. These factors influence the internal exposure incurred by the subjects and should be considered when conducting a risk assessment. Results demonstrated that physicochemical gender differences result in women metabolizing 23–26% more benzene than men when subject to the same exposure scenario even though benzene blood concentration levels are generally higher in men. These results suggest that women may be at significantly higher risk for certain effects of benzene exposure. Thus, exposure standards based on data from male subjects may not be protective for the female population.     

“Outside and Inside, Male and Female” Reconsidered

This paper reconsiders Judith Kestenberg's classic work Outside and Inside, Male and Female in the light of subsequent work on gender identity and psycho-sexual development. Kestenberg argued that the fear of internal genital sensations was common to both men and women and an obstacle to sexual development. An understanding of the fears and phantasies men and women have about their bodies which they project onto each other is an important aspect of therapeutic work, which the author believes does not receive adequate attention. Through two case examples she shows where Kestenberg's theory is still valid and where it needs to be revised. While Kestenberg could assume a normative heterosexuality, the author suggests we must now reexamine our theories in the light of challenges presented by homosexuality, bisexuality and transexuality.     

性别与历史:近代妇女与基督教学术研讨会综述

“性别与历史:近代妇女与基督教学术研讨会”日前在上海大学举行,与会学者就近代妇女与基督教的有关文献与资料、社会运动和组织、女子教育、女传教士、女基督徒等内容进行了深入探讨,在近代妇女与基督教研究的三个主题:基督信仰与女信徒的生活、基督教促进中西妇女间的文化交流、女信徒群体从事社会改良活动方面有更深刻的认识。     

“向死而爱”： 普拉斯爱情诗的解构主义特征与死亡意识

美国自白派女诗人普拉斯从复杂的象征体系与死亡审美的交汇场域形塑了一种高度个人化的爱情编码方式。其爱情诗一方面暗扣了弗洛伊德的生死本能理论,指涉出爱情与死亡的互渗关系,另一方面又内化了解构主义思想,通过一系列多元性的爱情隐喻的能指重新定位两性关系,从诗歌文本内部发动反男权、反压迫的“政变”,进而生成了一个延异、多义、爱与死交错杂糅的“诡爱空间”。通过剖析普拉斯爱情诗中表露出的消解男性霸权、生死对立等一系列的解构主义文本特征,可以进一步揭示普拉斯诗歌蕴含的诗学意义、审美取向和内在价值。     

男女平等的制障因素与实现路径——1996～2006年社会党妇女国际历次会议关于男女平等的探讨

1996～2006年的10年间,社会党妇女国际通过一系列会议对男女平等的制障因素和实现路径进行了探讨,认为新自由主义影响下的经济和贸易的全球化、贫困的女性化、国与国之间经济发展的巨大差距催生的劳动力国际流动的“悬崖效应”等严重制约了男女平等的发展。社会党妇女国际认为,解决问题的基本路径是:促进社会生产力发展;采取改善妇女经济困境的整体经济政策和发展策略;提高妇女的资源占有份额和政治参与能力;运用民主社会主义的价值理念整合人类社会,促进社会和谐发展,实现男女平等。     

《诗经》性别称谓与周人的审美倾向

《诗经》中丰富多彩的性别称谓,折射出周人特定的审美倾向.“君子”、“良人”、“叔”、“武夫”等男性称谓,体现了周人重视男子“德”、“貌”、“才”之“温厚勇壮”的审美倾向;“淑女”、“佼人”、“硕人”、“静女”等女性称谓体现了周人重视女子“德”、“貌”之“窈窕淑善”的审美倾向.这种审美倾向的形成与当时以农为主的经济、多子多孙的观念以及礼乐文化有关.     

The Sidewalk as a Contested Space: Women’s Negotiation of Socio-Spatial Processes of Exclusion in Public Urban Space in Saudi Arabia; The Case of Al Tahlia Street

Riyadh is one of the most gender-segregated cities in the world. However, as gender segregation is less enforced on sidewalks, it provides an optimal case study for a space where women and men may be co-present. Thus, this paper aims to increase the understanding of the relationship between sociocultural norms and spatial programming regarding spatio-temporal inclusion or exclusion in public urban spaces. The results show that women’s use and access to sidewalks are influenced by gender norms, religious values, gendered regulations, and generic spatial programming. For instance, regulations limit the use of outdoor seating to men only, thus sidewalks adjacent to, e.g., cafes function as mono-gender spaces dominated by men. However, young women negotiate spatially bounded gender norms through their presence, behaviour, and dress. Although sidewalks are conceived as men’s space, women account for nearly half of the users, but their use often goes unnoticed as women self-regulate their spatio-temporal and visible presence. The study presents six types of women’s spatio-temporal behaviours with varying degrees of visible and invisible users. Ultimately, this paper argues that planning for inclusive sidewalks cannot be addressed solely through the ‘universal’ characterization of space; it should also be supplemented by context-specific knowledge regarding the socio-spatial needs.     

Immigrant mothers’ preferences for children’s sexes: A register-based study of fertility behaviour in Norway

Parental sex preferences have been documented in many native populations, but much less evidence is available on immigrants’ preferences for the sexes of their children. Using high-quality longitudinal register data from Norway, a country with a recent immigration history, we estimate hazards regression models of third birth risks by the sex composition of the first two children. A central question in the extant literature is whether the sex preferences of immigrant mothers match those observed in their country of origin, or if cultural adaption to local conditions is more important. Our analyses indicate that the sex preferences of immigrants generally match those previously documented for their native population, especially in the case of son preferences. The pattern of sex preferences is unmodified by the mother’s exposure to the host society. In sum, our evidence generally supports theories emphasizing cultural persistence in preferences, rather than theories of adaption or immigrant selectivity.     

The Cultural Functions and Social Potential of Queer Monuments: A Preliminary Inventory and Analysis

Public monuments function as cultural agents, reifying dominant public narratives or fostering change. Either way, their representation of people and events intervene in public discourse and contribute to cultural, economic, political, and social environments. Queer monuments, defined here as heritage sites that honor gender and sexual minorities, represent communities that have often been excised in dominant public narratives. This article provides a preliminary global inventory of queer monuments and describes three of their major functions: (1) to provide visibility and reduce stigma; (2) to educate the public on the abuse and attempted extermination of gender and sexual minorities; and (3) to stimulate public debate and discourse about gender and sexual minority rights. This still rare type of monument is growing more common and prompting more active and equitable representations in public space. Queer monuments have the potential of lessening stigma and improving the lives of sexual and gender minorities.