Wage Inequality and Performance in Nonprofit and For‐Profit Organizations

This article examines the effects of several forms of wage inequality on service quality and employee effort. We suggest that two popular theories, tournament and fair wage/equity, are not necessarily competing. Each theory accurately describes aspects of employee behavior, but because of sectoral differences in organizational objectives and employee attitudes, tournament theory's predictions are relatively stronger in the for‐profit sector, while fair wage/equity theory's predictions are relatively stronger in the nonprofit sector. Using an employer–employee matched data set of nursing homes linked to a federal regulatory database and a resident survey, we found that ownership moderates the relationship between wage inequality and service quality. Although wage inequality positively affects service quality in the for‐profit sector, the reverse is true among nonprofit organizations. We also found that overall wage inequality in the workplace has a more pronounced influence on employee discretionary effort than does the employee's place in the distribution of wages.     

中国的刘易斯转折点到来了吗?——基于农业部门工资决定的视角

文章从刘易斯增长模型的经典著作入手,廓清刘易斯模型的关键假说,以农业部门工资决定原则变化的独特视角,即农业部门工资和劳动边际生产率的关系研究中国的刘易斯转折点。研究发现:中国经济整体上已经到达刘易斯第一转折点,但是研究还发现经济发展中存在不平衡性,东部发达地区已经接近刘易斯第二转折点(即商业化点),中西部大部分地区已经越过刘易斯第一转折点(即短缺点),西部少数欠发达地区还没有到达刘易斯第一转折点。     

强化城乡农产品安全一体化管理的基本构思——以湖北省为例

目前,农产品生产、加工、流通和销售等环节都存在很多安全隐患,加之农产品安全执法不严格,导致农产品安全事故时有发生,消费者健康和生命受到危害。分析了实行农产品安全城乡一体化管理的意义及影响农产品安全的原因,提出了城乡农产品安全一体化管理架构的指导思想、管理主体、管理制度、管理原则、技术路线及监管重点。同时从组织模式、人才培养、制度管理和市场机制等4个方面提出了强化城乡农产品一体化安全管理的具体举措。     

共生视角下第三部门“嵌入”的组织空间

运用共生视角研究第三部门的共生内涵,弥补"市场失灵"与"政府失灵"急需第三部门的"嵌入",这一组织制度创新形式的双重性是共生的根本原因,比较优势、相互需求、多重博弈使得第三部门与其他组织选择共生作为共同生存方式,并形成互利、双向、变迁、多重、地缘等共生关系。     

Promoting behavioral change towards lower energy consumption in the building sector

Climate change and environmental issues have been increasingly in the forefront of the media and government agendas. However, despite much discussion and fanfare, little has been done in the way of serious commitment and clear course of actions since the adoption of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 to bring carbon emissions to sustainable levels. To tackle the immensity of the climate change challenge, a paradigm shift in understanding is necessary to balance the course of global human development with energy demand and consumption patterns. Accounting for over 40% of global energy demand and more than 30% of greenhouse gas emissions, the building sector offers the greatest mitigation potential for reducing carbon emissions in both the short and long term, with positive implications for a range of associated sectors and industries. Promoting behavioral change among end-users for reduced energy consumption as well as encouraging the building industry to embrace sustainable design, low-carbon construction practices and materials, and renewable technologies, is fundamental to mitigating the impact of the built environment on planetary biospheres and preserving quality of life for generations to come. This paper starts by drawing attention to the building sector and related EU policy, outlining the challenges and opportunities for reducing energy consumption and carbon emission levels. Such policy provides the essential framework to engage stakeholders and allow supporting factors to foster progress in the sector. The paper contends that information on climate change has not led to significant improvements in meeting global targets and that what is needed is behavioral change among individuals and society as a whole. On the basis of research project experiences and literature review, it puts forth and explores five key elements contributing to behavioral change for reduced energy consumption and lower carbon emissions in the building sector, focused on: information and education; financial incentives and energy services; modern technologies and sustainable design; social and community norms; and biophilia (contact with the natural environment). The paper suggests opportunities for further research and concludes with recommendations for policy-makers and related stakeholders.     

经济法起源与发展新探

学界一般认为经济法源于垄断资本主义条件下国家对经济运行的调节或干预.这一认识值得商榷.通过对西方有关国家经济发展史的考察,可以发现事实上各主要资本主义国家在其经济发展过程中均采用了各种积极的产业政策和贸易政策.由此可以认为经济法源于自由资本主义阶段,国家干预经济构成了经济法的一大源头.而在20世纪晚期第三部门兴起、"第三之手"作用于经济领域的过程中又产生了经济法的另一源头.二者均反映了法的社会化趋势.本文亦对我国经济法发展、特别是其中的第三部门问题做了简要探讨.     

Participation satisfaction and organizational commitment: moderating role of employee's cultural values

This paper explores the moderating role of cultural values on relationships between participation satisfaction (PS) and employees’ organizational commitment (OC). A survey of 1390 employees of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, a Government of India Public Sector Undertaking providing telecommunication services across India, shows that PS is directly related to OC, and is moderated by employees’ cultural values at individual level. The form of moderation reveals: positive and insignificant relationship between PS and affective commitment for employees high in uncertainty avoidance; positive and significant relationship between PS and normative commitment for employees high in individualism/collectivism, low in masculinity/femininity, and low in power distance. No moderation has been found in the relationship between PS and continuance commitment.     

21世纪初中美制造能力差距缩小的证据及战略含义

本文对1998-2005年中美两国制造业内部结构进行了深入的比较,有三个重要的发现:一是中美制造能力差距在这七年间缩小的幅度是惊人的,即中国制造业增加值从为美国的13%提高到52%,到2007年则进一步上升到76%.二是中国制造业劳动力数增加了50%,其中资本和技术密集型制造业的劳动力增加数超过了劳动密集型制造业;而美国制造业则经历了劳动力数的减少.三是中国制造业劳动生产率提高了2.78倍,远高于美国49.5%.显然,中国制造能力迅速缩小与美国的差距意味着工业发展水平的提高,并使世界工业实力重排座次.     

Advanced Networked Technologies in the U.K. Voluntary Sector

Advanced networked technologies have the potential to support deep strategic and operational transformation within voluntary organizations as they seek to respond to shifts in the social, economic, and political spheres in which they operate. Evidence form our study of U.K. voluntary organizations demonstrates relatively low uptake of the core networking technologies and applications essential to support such transformation. Friends of the Earth and The Samaritans are exceptions to this trend. Case studies of these organizations demonstrate that they are using advanced networked technologies to reconfigure key information flows and relationships, in support of enhanced campaigning and more effective user services. The extent to which these organizations are able to exploit the transformational potential that the technologies present is tempered by historically institutionalized relationships and values by which they are characterized.     

论第三部门的发展与政府改革之间的互动

20世纪80年代以来,政治领域内的民主化改革和经济领域内的市场化改革为中国第三部门的成长提供了制度上的空间与生存的土壤,全球性的“社团革命”之火在中华大地上已呈现出燎原之势。通过考察我国第三部门的发展轨迹,可以清楚地看到第三部门的发展与政府改革之间呈现出一种良性的互动关系。这种互动关系具体表现为:一方面,政府改革运动为第三部门的发展提供制度诱因与生存空间;另一方面,第三部门的发展又为政府改革创造了良好的社会环境。