Spot observation: Advantages and disadvantages for household time use research

The spot observation method of estimating time use is described in this article. Procedures for using this method in developing countries, where household activities are relatively easily observed, are contrasted with procedures used in countries characterized by very private living units and highly separated employment, educational, and household settings. Characteristics of various methods for collecting time use data are compared so that researchers can evaluate the trade-offs they can expect from selecting a particular method. A case example of using the spot observation method in a study of women's household and agricultural activities in the Njoro Region of Kenya is presented.Her research interests are household time allocation and women's economic status in developing countries.Her research interests include the time allocation of rural women and women in international development. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1995.The study of women's and children's time use reported in this paper was supported in part by the Center for African Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and by the Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya.     

贾克梅蒂具象表现艺术及其启示意义

贾克梅蒂是当今西方现代美术史上的重要人物 ,具象表现艺术的先驱。贾克梅蒂的具象表现艺术是对传统的视觉模式的反叛 ,他将现象学的观察方式引入绘画领域 ,尝试用抹去重画、反复描绘的方法 ,来刻画表现对象在“不断流变、不断生成”过程的视觉印象 ,以追求新的表现方法。贾氏具象表现的绘画理念对处在今天复杂、多元艺术景况中的中国艺术家具有深刻启示意义     

唐代的天文管理

唐代的天文管理包括两方面的内容:一是对官方天文的管理,通过天文机构的改革和调整来完善天文观测与奏报制度,并试图建立一种旨在检验太史局(司天台)"观察天文"准确性和可靠程度的制约与监督机制,为保守天文秘密,唐对天文官员的职业素质做了特别规定;二是对于民间与天文有关的活动与事宜,唐王朝实行严格控制与禁止的政策,但在具体执行的过程中也有一定的弹性和灵活性。     

观察一定渗透理论吗？

“观察渗透理论”这个经典命题是存在问题的,它否认了观察的客观性的存在。由于观察的复杂性,汉森的理论只是指出了观察的一个层面的特征,而完全否认了观察的客观性特征。正是在这种理解基础上,导致了20世纪后期科学哲学的历史主义转向。     

Four‐Year‐Old Children’s Negotiation Strategies to Influence and Deal with a Primary Child Health Care Situation

In Sweden, children’s health and development are promoted through Primary Child Health Care (PCHC) visits. The children participate in these visits from their own perspective through bodily and verbal expressions. This study explores four‐year‐old children’s expressions when they as actors take part in a PCHC situation. The conceptualisation of the children’s expressions reveals various actions that exhibit their affirmative and delaying negotiation strategies to influence and deal with these situations. For PCHC nurses, these findings may encourage to view children as negotiating participants and inspire to sensitivity when inviting children and guiding them through health visits. © 2011 The Author(s). Children & Society © 2011 National Children’s Bureau and Blackwell Publishing Limited     

A characterization of the independence - distribution - preserving covariance structure for the multivariate maximum squared - radii statistic

Necessary and sufficient conditions on the observation covariance structure and on the set of linear transformations are given for which the distribution of the multivariate maximum squared - radii statistic for detecting a single multivariate outlier is invariant from the distribution assuming the usual independence covariance structure. Thus, we extend the work of Baksalary and Puntanen (1990), who have given necessary and sufficient conditions for an independence-distribution-preserving covariance structure for Grubbs' statistic for detecting a univariate outlier. We also extend the work of Marco, Young, and Turner (1987) and Pavur and Young (1991), who have given sufficient conditions for an independence-distribution-preserving dependency structure for the multivariate squared - radii statistic.     

Comparison of cumulative incidence functions of current status competing risks data with discrete observation times

Abstract

Competing risks data with current status censoring arise frequently from transversal studies in demography, epidemiology and reliability theory; where the only information about lifetime is whether the event of interest has occurred or not before a monitoring time. In practice, the monitoring times are discrete, but most of the studies consider them as continuous in nature. In the present paper, we propose a non parametric test for comparing cumulative incidence functions of current status competing risks data while the observation (monitoring) times are discrete. Asymptotic distribution of the test statistic is also derived. A simulation study is conducted to assess the finite sample behavior of the test statistic. The practical utility of the procedure is well demonstrated using a real-life data set on menopausal history of 2423 women given in Jewell, van der Laan, and Henneman (2003 Jewell, N. P., M. van der Laan, and T. Henneman. 2003. Nonparametric estimation from current status data with competing risks. Biometrika 90 (1):183–197. doi: 10.1093/biomet/90.1.183.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).     

轻轨桥墩加固工序对其位移的影响

为了解地铁车站基坑在开挖过程中的加固工程对临近既有轻轨桥墩沉降的影响,对武汉循礼门地铁站附近轻轨桥墩在加固施工中的沉降和水平位移进行了监测,得出了1^#,2^#桥墩沉降曲线,分析了车站施工过程的加固工序选择对轻轨桥墩沉降影响,并在此基础上探讨了前期加固对桥墩沉降的影响作用．比较而言,当隔离桩与注浆加固同时进行时,桥墩沉降量最大．此结论对同类工程施工方案的拟定具有参考价值．     

论观察在新闻采访中的运用

新闻采访的方法有很多种,而观察采访是记者在进行新闻采访报道中捕捉新闻线索的关键、获取重要素材的重要手段。记者在使用观察采访方法时还必须把观察与询问、把宏观观察与微观观察进行有效结合,方可取得最佳的观察效果。     

深入实际调研 推进“两课”教改

“两课”教师理论联系实际,利用暑假或寒假与企业合作编写厂史,总结改革经验,深入开展调查研究,拓宽了教师的视野,推动了教学改革和科研工作的开展。同时,走出了一条高校“两课”教师为社会服务,“两课”教学改革与社会主义现代化建设相结合的新路子。