唐文三变

文学本体观念的更新导致文学思潮的演变,进而影响创作原则、创作方法乃至题材、体制、风格以及批评理论的演变,从而完成文学理论范畴的系统转换,并最终影响文学创作时代风尚的变迁。唐代文学本体观念由“原道”、“言志”向“缘情”的转变,直接影响了唐代散文创作风尚的变迁,非常经典地展现了文学革命的完整过程。     

Securing the diasporic ‘self’ by travelling abroad: Taglit-Birthright and ontological security

ABSTRACT

In recent years, the literature on diaspora politics has focused primarily on why and when migrant or ethno-religious groups adopt a diasporic stance and mobilise on behalf of their homeland. The ability of a community to sustain a diasporic stance across generations is less explored and often assumed to be dependent on discrimination in the host country or events in the homeland. By contrast, this article focuses on internal dynamics of the Jewish-American community to explore the development of Taglit-Birthright – a free educational trip to Israel offered to young Jewish adults. Drawing on the concept of ontological security – security of identity and subjectivity – I argue that the decision to invest in such a costly and experimental programme was the result of two perceived threats to Jewish diasporic identity: the threat to the diasporic narrative and the threat to the relationship with the homeland. Evidence for this claim is generated through interpretation of internal documents, media reports, and secondary literature.     

用“大一统幽默观”谈幽默的范畴

多年来,对幽默范畴的界定一直有争议,各执其词。本人拟建立一个＂大一统幽默观＂来解决这个问题,即把所有有幽默成分和性质的现象纳入幽默的范畴,就叫做大一统幽默观的幽默范畴。要建立大一统幽默观,首先要确定的问题就是范畴问题。本文就是针对这个问题进行讨论,力图解决在幽默＂边缘＂上的、也是最有争议的一些现象,如笑话、讽刺、滑稽、...     

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Risk Assessment: The UK experience

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) risk assessments undertaken in the United Kingdom have mainly had the objective of determining the risks posed to humans from exposure to the causal agents associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (vCJD). In this article, I examine 19 of these risk assessments published to date and consider how their results might be influenced by underlying model assumptions and methodology. Three separate aspects common to all the assessments are infective load estimation, exposure pathway identification, and risk estimation. These are each discussed in detail.     

Missing data in clinical trials: from clinical assumptions to statistical analysis using pattern mixture models

The need to use rigorous, transparent, clearly interpretable, and scientifically justified methodology for preventing and dealing with missing data in clinical trials has been a focus of much attention from regulators, practitioners, and academicians over the past years. New guidelines and recommendations emphasize the importance of minimizing the amount of missing data and carefully selecting primary analysis methods on the basis of assumptions regarding the missingness mechanism suitable for the study at hand, as well as the need to stress‐test the results of the primary analysis under different sets of assumptions through a range of sensitivity analyses. Some methods that could be effectively used for dealing with missing data have not yet gained widespread usage, partly because of their underlying complexity and partly because of lack of relatively easy approaches to their implementation. In this paper, we explore several strategies for missing data on the basis of pattern mixture models that embody clear and realistic clinical assumptions. Pattern mixture models provide a statistically reasonable yet transparent framework for translating clinical assumptions into statistical analyses. Implementation details for some specific strategies are provided in an Appendix (available online as Supporting Information), whereas the general principles of the approach discussed in this paper can be used to implement various other analyses with different sets of assumptions regarding missing data. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dangerous Houses

ABSTRACT

The home, in its material and symbolic dimensions, holds a special place within the Anglophone countries of the West as a sphere of privacy and security, of sanctuary. Lifestyle television has played a key role in this process. Yet this article explores how two Australian lifestyle television programs, Is Your House Killing You? and Carbon Cops, present the home as a site of danger, either to the private sphere and its inhabitants or to the broader environmental public sphere. It is argued that such programs play a role in disseminating neoliberal ideologies, encouraging the implementation of governmental regimes to discipline, transform, and ultimately self-regulate householder and consumer behavior. Through such regimes, the subjects produce less dangerous houses, and the home is restored as a sanctuary and site of ontological security.     

对管理假设的探讨

管理假设是客观实践的产物，是人们从事管理实践、研究管理问题的前提。管理假设也随着社会环境、管理条件的变化而不断的修正。管理的假设包括自私性、理智性、可塑性和不信任性，我们的管理理念、管理设计、管理制度、管理方法都是建立在这样的假设之上。自私是人的天性，无私和礼仪是后天社会教育的结果，自私性是管理者看待问题、设计组织方案、制定组织制度的视角，无私和宽容是管理者处理问题需要倡导的主张；人们做出选择总是朝着有利于自己的方面做出选择；人对某事物的认知，都是通过学习和教育促使其发生变化，优秀的员工总是学习和培养教育的结果；对人不信任是制定组织管理制度的前提，对人不信任的制度，也是保护组织及组织内所有人的制度。     

Popular Culture and Workplace Gendering among Varieties of Capitalism: Working Women and their Representation in Japanese Manga

Female empowerment is a prerequisite for a just and sustainable developed society. Being the most developed non‐western country, Japan offers an instructive window onto concerns about gender worldwide. Although overall gender equality is advancing in Japan, difficulties remain, especially in achieving equality in the workplace. We draw on theories of ontological commitment and the psychology of fiction to critically analyse the role of popular culture — in this case manga — in the reproduction of gender inequality in the Japanese workplace. We present examples of four of the most popular mainstream manga aimed at working men and women in Japan and show how women are depicted. We argue that the hyper‐mediated fictional realism of representative tropes generates an ontological commitment to characters and narratives among consumers that reinforces the reproduction of a culturally exceptionalist national political economic space, one of whose essential defining characteristics is a gendered workplace. Our research suggests important implications for researching the relationship between culture, in all its forms, and spatial variation in persistent institutional biases among varieties of capitalism.     

中国文学批评的德本精神及本体意义

中国哲学的德本思想 ,决定了中国文学批评一开始就形成了以解决人生实践为宗旨和目标的价值批评 ,形成了文学批评的人伦理性、价值理性和社会本体论特征。先秦的德治观 ,直接转化为文学批评上道德形而上的内在含义 ,使中国文学批评具有了特殊的原型本体性质 ,也反映了文学接受处于实用阶段时人们的价值期待。德本精神派生出来的“比德说” ,使中国文学批评把文学提升到一种审美、道德一体的层面来观照和评价 ,因此形成了文学批评以德为本而物象比附的审美定势 ,而不会以类似西方文学批评的理性形态出现。这种德本批评 ,始终贯穿于整个中国文学批评 ,成为中国文学批评的主流和主体 ,并内化为中国文学批评的思维模式和精神内核。     

二程本体哲学的根源与架构

程氏兄弟建构了关于道和理的本体哲学,这个本体哲学包括理气论、心性论及涵养学说。比较而言,程颢更多的是持态度取向和宏观之道,程颐则倾向于系统取向和微观之理。