Educational homogamy in Ireland and Britain: trends and patterns

This paper examines the pattern of educational homogamy in Ireland and Britain. Using contemporary data on recent marriages from the early 1970s through to the mid-1990s, we show that these two countries share a broadly similar pattern of educational homogamy, which is quasi-symmetric in character, with no tendency for women to marry up over and above that which can be attributed to the gender difference in educational attainment. In the 1970s, the strength of homogamy was much weaker in Ireland than in Britain. But we discern a clear inter-country difference in how the net strength of homogamy has changed over time. While it has declined in Britain since the 1970s, in Ireland the strength of homogamy has first increased and then levelled off. Our findings are inconsistent with the inverted U-shaped relationship between economic development and homogamy reported by Smits, Ultee and Lammers (1998) - an argument premised on secular change in the criteria of spouse selection. Instead, our results are better understood in terms of Mare's (1991) life course argument that homogamy is inversely related to the time-gap between school departure and first marriage.     

城市已婚居民"婚姻家庭观念"问卷调查分析

城市已婚居民中存在家庭暴力 ,但不普遍 ;婚姻纽带非爱情而是责任和义务 ;1/ 3的已婚居民表示 ,若有再次选择机会将不再选择现配偶 ;“性生活满意”还未成为婚姻生活质量的标准 ;人品和性格被视为择偶的重要指标 ;“男女同主外、共治内”的夫妻模式已成为共识 ;对重婚坚决反对 ,但对第三者持宽容态度 ;普遍认为生一个孩子好。     

"归"反映的婚嫁习俗--兼谈"家、室"与对偶婚制

通过分析汉字“归、家、室”所反映出的婚嫁习俗 ,说明这些婚姻形式主要是在《诗经》及其以后的年代 ,它以一夫一妻制为主要形式。该形式以男权为主 ,女嫁到男家。女以有夫为有家 ,男以妻为室为家。并非人类社会学家所论述的处于母系社会向父系社会过度时期的偶婚制 ,即婚姻关系不确定 ,男到女家的走婚或夜访婚形式。     

信息时代的文化消费

信息时代的文化消费形式极大地改变了人们的生活 ,人们一方面拒绝传统的文化消费形式 ,一方面却陷入当代文化消费中无所适从。人类传播方式经历了三个重要阶段 :1.口语文化 ,2 .印刷文化 ,3.电子文化。“大众文化”“通俗文化”正在削解“精英文化”“主流文化” ,文艺工业化、商品化使文化消费更为便捷与符合人性 ,同时也在诱导人性的堕落 ,人们情愿相信虚拟的世界而不愿面对现实。具有深刻人文关怀的文化艺术 ,要么战胜虚无 ,抵抗庸俗 ;要么放弃立场 ,自我消亡。     

多目标决策的β-较重最优解

对目标带有权重的多目标决策问题,从“锥有效性”的意义上提出一类β-较重最优解,并对有限方案情形给出了求解方法。     

邮区中心局选址的一种优选方法

本文利用图论的理论与方法对邮区中心局的选址问题进行优化。首先对其原理做了较详细的描述,然后运用选址算法对邮区中心局的选址进行了优化。     

Trends in Marriage Formation in Sweden 1971–1993

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a system of annual indices of the risks of marriage and remarriage and to use the system to display such marriage risks for Swedish women over the years since 1971. Our indices are produced by applying indirect standardization to register data. The propensity to marry decreased considerably during the 1970s and it has continued to decrease also during the first half of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s. The decrease in marriage risks is mostly due to a decreased propensity to marry among never-married women with no children. The decrease is not so strong for never-married women with children and for divorced women. A sharp, but only temporary, deviation from the general pattern of Swedish marriage-risk trends occurred in 1989, when the number of marriages formed increased dramatically in response to the near-abolition of the public widow's pensions for women who were not married at the beginning of 1990.     

光学优化设计方法的对比研究

介绍了变尺度法和适应法,并把这两种优化算法借助Ｃ语言开发的程序用于光学优化设计中,设计了两种典型的光学系统。对设计过程、设计的结果,在收敛速度、稳定性和设计的方便性等方面,作了全面对比分析,从中得出,变尺度法是一种更好的优化算法。     

How you “act your age” when you watch TV

Americans watch a great deal of television. But the factors traditionally considered to determine or explain television usage—availability of free time, low income or class status, low education, emotional difficulties, and lack of structured social interactions—are not generalizable across the adult life span. The television viewing of people over the age of 30 has been understudied—a research bias that mirrors society's youth orientation and essentially excludes older adults from this model. The author analyzed data collected in the National Opinion Research Center's 1988 General Social Survey to assess the determinants of television viewing for adults of all ages. Results indicate that as persons perceive themselves to be in different stages of life and take on age-appropriate roles, tasks, and perspectives, they have distinctively different reasons for viewing. Second, the factors considered to determine TV viewing in the traditional model fit the pattern of younger adults' viewing best while predicting the behavior of the elderly least. The author proposes an interpretation of the findings, and discusses future research avenues including the development of age-sensitive models and theories.An earlier version of this article was presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society in April 1992.     

出口供应安全及基础设施影响下的天然气进出口博弈

鉴于出口国时常出现天然气出口供应安全问题,进口国因基础设施滞后引发的天然气供需矛盾,考虑出口供应安全、基础设施与需求量三者之间的相互影响,文章构建了进出口两国之间的动态博弈模型。运用最优控制等理论,求得了双方的均衡策略及效用。结果表明,天然气出口价格越高,使得进口国的天然气销售价格越高及其对基础设施投入越少;出口国为保障出口供应安全付出的努力与天然气出口价格之间呈倒“U”型关系;与天然气寡头竞争市场相比,出口垄断市场的天然气出口价格、出口供应安全、基础设施存量以及出口国效用更高,进口国效用更低;在寡头竞争市场,与合作方式相比,两国在议价下的天然气出口价格、出口供应安全、基础设施存量以及出口国效用更高,进口国效用更低。