Functional Behavior Assessment of the Unintentional Discharge of Firearms in Law Enforcement

Unintentional discharge (UD) is a term used in law enforcement to distinguish between an unplanned gunshot and a planned gunshot, regardless of context. The purpose of this paper is to (a) discuss the interdisciplinary literature on this topic, (b) merge and summarize the behavioral literature to provide a cohesive account of the phenomenon, (c) analyze injuries in relation to antecedent classes and context, and (d) develop strategies for firearm safety training that might prevent UDs and associated injuries in law enforcement. We provide a contextual behavioral taxonomy through the identification of six distinct antecedent classes in which UD can be categorized: contact with objects, medical symptoms, muscle coactivations, routine tasks, startle stimuli, and unfamiliar tasks.     

警察工作应激的应对归因方式及对策

警察工作应激一直是警察心理学研究的热点问题,本研究从个体归因角度出发,探讨了警察工作应激的应对方式差异,并提出了对策。     

试评中国近代警察制度

近代意义上的即资产阶级的警察,伴随近代西方国家制度和法制理论而诞生,依据宪法和法律而存在,是国家行政部门中执行维护社会秩序和公共治安职能的拥有一定武装力量的专业性文职机构和人员队伍。中国近代警察制度开创于清朝末年,形成于北洋政府时期,在南京国民政府时期得到进一步发展。中国近代警察制度产生、形成、发展在半殖民地半封建的旧中国,无论从理论层面分析,还是从实践层面分析,都不应当也不可能得出肯定或者否定、积极或者消极的简单结论,而应客观、历史、辩证地予以评析。中国近代警察制度总体上显示出理论层面的双重性和实践层面的滞后性等基本面貌。     

我国警察职业道德存在的主要问题及其原因探析

我国警察职业道德的主流是好的,但也存在一些问题,如官僚主义严重、拜金主义泛滥、法制观念淡薄等,这些问题的存在有其经济、政治、文化等复杂的社会原因。     

我国大飞机产业补贴的策略

从经济学视角并借鉴数理经济学方法,在分析政府补贴的经济学意义以及政府补贴与大飞机产业创新关系的基础上,以提高政府补贴效率为目标,对大飞机企业技术创新补贴的方式、强度和补贴资源配置的激励机制设计进行探讨,并提出调整和完善我国大飞机产业补贴政策的建议。     

纠纷调处与社会稳定：警察调处纠纷的组织行动逻辑

对警察在日常工作中对纠纷排查以及调处纠纷过程中所表现出的主动性应从维护社会稳定的高度来认识。从这角度而言,警察解决纠纷的意义已经不再局限于对当事人利益冲突的协调,而是事关区域社会的稳定,并由此获得了公安机关决策者的认同和执行者的落实。纠纷的激化既是一种偶然性事件,但也有其必然性。从实践的角度而言,一些民间纠纷因为未能得到及时、有效的解决从而被激化成杀人、伤害等恶性刑事案件。因此,通过对警察对纠纷的及时介入,一方面可以平抑纠纷双方过激的情绪,另一方面也可能使一些纠纷能够得到及时的解决,从而避免纠纷被激化的可能。     

Side-by-side: An evaluation of Connecticut’s police and youth interaction model

This study evaluated a community-based intervention program designed to promote positive youth development and to create positive interactions between police and youth in a non-enforcement environment. A pre–post-design was used to compare the results of the program for participating youth and police officers, particularly changes in each group’s attitudes toward the other. The results showed that participation in the program improved police officers’ and youths’ attitudes toward each other. For youth, the rate of change in attitudes was greatest for minority youth and for youth who had prior negative experience with the police. That is, youth who had negative prior experiences with police and began with negative attitudes toward police developed more positive attitudes toward police as a result of participating in the program. Furthermore, having opportunities for positive interactions between police and youth played an important role in decreasing negative perceptions of police for ethnic minority youth. This study suggests that community-based programs that involve police with youth can improve participants’ attitude toward each other, which might impact future interactions.     

Sex-positive criminology: Possibilities for legal and social change

This article provides an introduction to sex-positive criminology and its goals for change. Sex-positive criminology draws from the “thick desire” organizing principle, which is a rights-based approach to human sexuality, as well as from positive sexuality approaches. It also draws from critical, queer, and feminist criminological traditions and abolitionist sensibilities. We discuss examples that pertain to key tenets of sex-positivity: consent and bodily autonomy, education, medical access, harm reduction, and ways to increase agency. Main topics of discussion include addressing deeply harmful and sex-negative laws and policies that perpetuate state violence, such as coerced or forced sterilization, criminalization of abortion and pregnancy loss, sexual and physical assault of sex workers by police, criminalization through medically inaccurate laws, and legislation such as Allow States and Victims to Fight Online Sex Trafficking Act and the Stop Enabling Sex Traffickers Act that puts marginalized populations at risk. Throughout, we reflect on possibilities for sex-positive laws and policies and the social impacts they would have, such as improving health and well-being.     

Measurement and determinants of efficiency in the municipal police service

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the efficiency of the police service in Spanish municipalities with a population of more than 50,000 inhabitants. Using Data Envelopment Analysis, we obtain the efficiency levels and the targets that the input and outputs have to reach to be efficient in the provision of the police service. Next, and based on the literature, the effect of the following environmental variables is verified: young population, number of foreigners, unemployment, municipal per capita income, tourist level of the municipality, and ideology and political strength of the municipal government. Findings show that an increase in the number of young people in the municipality means an improved efficiency in the local police service. In contrast, cultural diversity (measured by the percentage of foreigners in the total population), unemployment, the mayor's ideology and political fragmentation of government do not have a significant effect on the level of efficiency. On the other hand, higher municipal per capita income means less efficiency, while an increase in tourism activity is related to the improvement of this.     

Police forces in late medieval Italy: Bologna, 1340–1480

Police forces (birri) in Italian cities in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were composed of outsiders, non-natives, employed on short-term contracts, usually of six months’ duration. There was therefore a huge circulating pool of these patrolmen, sergeants and constables, moving from city to city. These groups have been little studied, and are often assumed to be vile, odious and little better than criminals. This article draws on surviving records in one city of northern Italy (Bologna), to analyse the composition of these groups and especially their cosmopolitan, international memberships, which grew consistently across the period before tailing off towards the end of the fifteenth century. The article uses frames of reference from migration studies, particularly the large Balkan migrations of the fifteenth century, and from identity studies, to chart and assess the trajectory and reception of non-Italians among these groups. The article thus extends what is known about the integration of migrants in late medieval Italy, goes beyond what is known about the documentation of identity in the Middle Ages and raises questions about the quality of policing provided by multinational groups.