The role of parenthood in shaping the gender wage gap – A comparative analysis of 26 European countries

We use cross-national data on 26 EU countries to estimate how parenthood contributes to the gender wage gap, and assess how institutional elements affect this relationship. We find that irrespective of cultural norms and policies, fathers receive a wage premium, which increases the gender gap. Motherhood gaps vary across countries. The highest gaps are seen in Eastern European countries, where policies and norms lead to long absences from work. Moderate to small penalties are found in Continental Europe, Anglo-Saxon and Nordic countries, alongside higher maternal employment. No motherhood penalties are found for Southern EU countries, where mothers return to work quickly or exit the labor market indefinitely.     

Europeanisation and the Youth Guarantee: The case of France

In 2013, the European Council approved the Youth Guarantee (YG) to counteract youth unemployment. Because of its specific features, the YG is useful for understanding whether the EU has triggered policy change in national youth unemployment policies. Contrary to most of the literature on similar topics, we focused in this study on the effect of this specific European measure rather than on broader EU strategies or policies. The study contributes to the literature by qualifying the degree of fit/misfit and suggesting a counterfactual analysis, using the case of France. We first situate the article within the broader Europeanisation debate and present our research design. The second section introduces the policy structure of the YG and investigates youth unemployment policy in France, prior to and after the European initiative. The third section discusses whether the French youth unemployment policy would have been developed in the same way without the YG. A final section concludes.     

拿破仑的犹太政策实质

拿破仑时期的犹太人政策是犹太历史上一个重大内容,他继承了法国大革命的人权和平等的资本主义原则,给予了法国犹太人平等的公民权利,在对欧洲的一系列战争中又把这个原则带给欧洲各国,对欧洲犹太人的解放起了很大的作用。     

晚清文化政策之调整:从"崇儒重道"到"中体西用"

晚清文化政策随着社会经济与政治的发展变化而不断嬗变,由单一的"崇儒重道"向杂陈的"中体西用"转变.虽然在一定程度上适应了时代发展要求,在客观上促进了传统文化的近代化,但其始终以"崇儒重道"为核心,具有浓厚的封建性.     

中共三代领导人对台政策演进的历史启示

通过中国共产党对台湾政策经历了从“武力解放台湾”到“和平解放台湾”再到“和平统一、一国两制”的演变历程的研究,阐述了中共三代领导人对和平统一大业战略思考的逐步深化和完善,揭示了其深刻的历史启示。     

抗战时期国共两党持久抗日战略方针之比较

抗日战争时期 ,共产党的抗日战略方针是“持久战” ,国民党的抗日战略方针并非通常所认为的“速胜论” ,而是“持久战” ,或叫“持久消耗”。两种抗日战略方针虽有某些相同相似之处 ,但也有许多不同。两者相比 ,国民党的抗日战略方针在许多方面都显得逊色 ,从而更显出毛泽东持久战理论的重大贡献     

抗战时期中国共产党科技政策探析

抗战时期,中国共产党提出并实践了一系列有利于科学技术进步的政策,走出了一条成功的科技发展道路。本文阐述了中共科技政策的主要内容,并分析其功效,从中获取有益的启示。     

Radical alternative conceptualizations of the classical welfare state? Contrasting the United Kingdom and the Netherlands with Norway

In many countries, new, broad, and normative “conceptions of society” gained prominence that represent fundamentally different discursive alternatives to the classical welfare state. We present two political projects that contain radical alternative conceptualizations of the classical welfare state, the “Big Society” in Britain and the “Participation Society” in the Netherlands, and contrast these with Norwegian developments, where no such a radical alternative conceptualization of the welfare state can be found. We show that the British and Dutch political projects were attempts to replace the welfare state, whereas there is no comparable big idea about a radical overhaul of the welfare state in Norway. Our analysis contributes to a better understanding of a fundamental shift in welfare state reform, namely a radical reconsidering of the ideational and normative foundation that defines and underpins what the welfare state is or should be.