Restructuring for import competition from developing countries,II: The case of the Federal Republic of Germany

Assistance legislation in Germany is not viewed as being effective because imports seem to be an interior source of displacement compared to productivity change and are not therefore the prime cause of adjustment difficulties. Moreover, programs aimed at specific individual industries do not seem warranted, as they operate to delay necessary restructuring, can easily turn into disguised or open protection, discriminate against the rest of the economy, and provoke retaliatory measures abroad.     

The Development of Social Assistance and Unemployment Insurance in Germany and Japan

Both Japan and (West) Germany were subjected to foreign “Allied”Occupation from 1945. In this fiftieth anniversary year of the ending of World War Two and the commencement of these periods of Occupation, this paper assesses and compares the impact of the latter experience on social policy development in Germany and Japan. In particular, it focusses on social assistance and unemployment insurance, on the grounds that provision for “the able-bodied poor”constitutes a clear guide as to how far each society has progressed or is progressing along the road to “social citizenship”as defined by T. H. Marshall. The import of Allied Occupation was in practice quite different in the two cases, not least because of their very different paths of social policy development beforehand. Developments in the wake of Occupation and upto the present are nonetheless indicative of there being some elements of policy “convergence”, which welfare state regime theory has hitherto failed to allow for in its concentration upon “whole systems”at the expense of more detailed policy “subsystem”review.     

Estimating the Reciprocal Effect of Gender Role Attitudes and Family Formation: A Log-linear Path Model with Latent Variables

Gender role attitudes andfamily formation are related in a dynamicprocess. In this paper both substantive as wellas methodological issues are raised. At thesubstantive level we demonstrate that attitudesinfluence family formation in terms ofcommitment to particular states. Emancipatorygender roles increase the likelihood of singleliving or cohabitation. Remaining in thatparticular situation for at least two yearsimplies that these women further develop theiremancipatory attitudes. `Traditional' forms offamily living, such as being married or being amother, are related to traditional familyvalues. At the methodological level, it isobvious that only panel data allow broachingthe issue. We propose a log-linear path modelwith latent variables that allows takingmeasurement error into account. The designitself resembles a non-equivalent control groupdesign.     

Activation programmes for women with a partner in Germany: Challenge or replication of traditional gender roles

In 2005, Germany implemented major welfare benefit reforms that encourage an adult worker model of the family. In this study, we hypothesised that, despite these reforms, women's assignments to activation programmes would in practice still tend to replicate the degree of labour market attachment to which they had become accustomed relative to their partner in the past. We compared programme entries between women in former male breadwinner, dual earner, no-earner and female breadwinner households and applied event-history analysis to large-scale administrative data. Our findings showed that in western Germany – but not in eastern Germany – women's assignments to activation programmes indeed replicated their prior labour market attachment relative to their partner. Key Practitioner Message: • Among women receiving Unemployment Benefit II in Germany, women with partners participate in activation programmes less often; • This tendency applies especially to western German women with less employment experience and lower former earnings than their partners; • A framework should be devised to inquire about previously non-employed women's interests in ALMP participation and offer them such opportunities.     

The scars of youth: Effects of early‐career unemployment on future unemployment experience

Does early‐career unemployment cause future unemployment? The authors approach this question using German administrative matched employer–employee data that track almost 700,000 individuals over 24 years. Instrumenting early‐career unemployment with firm‐specific labour demand shocks, they find significant and long‐lasting “scarring effects”. In the mean, each additional day of unemployment during the first eight years on the labour market increases unemployment in the following 16 years by half a day. However, quantile regressions show that the scarring effects are much stronger for individuals who already suffer from lengthy and repeated spells of unemployment.     

德国西占区"非纳粹化"初探

二战后 ,盟国为永久消除德国对世界和平的威胁 ,对德国实行了一场强制性的民主化改造 ,它包括“非军事化”、“非工业化”、“非纳粹化”和“民主化” ,亦即著名的“四化”。其中最为重要 ,也是最遭非议的就是西方盟国对西占区的非纳粹化。“非纳粹化”是战后西德历史上的重大事件 ,它对德国政治发展趋向产生了重大影响。文章将对这一问题的缘起、西占区“非纳粹化”运动的开展以及实施的效果作一初步探讨。     

德国养老保险法的发展与改革

德国是世界上养老保障制度最发达的国家之一,其法定养老保险在整个社会保障体系中占有重要的地位,20世纪70年代后,随着社会的变化和经济发展状况不断进行调整变革。特别是进入21世纪后的改革,使德国从现收现付制度向一种确定缴费体系转变,从而使德国的养老保障能够与社会变化相适应,也为努力发展和健全社会保障制度的国家提供了一定的借鉴。     

德意志联邦银行及其在国际货币体系中的作用

本文针对德国联邦银行的发展状况和货币政策的目标、职权、组织机构及其在国际货币体系中的作用略加研究评述，以期对我国目前的金融体制改革有所裨益     

Curtains and the Soft Architecture of the American Postwar Domestic Environment

ABSTRACT

This article investigates the role of “soft architecture” and interior effects—including window treatments, textiles, and electric lighting—in the physcial and social construction of the postwar domestic environment in the USA. In this period the American home became an increasingly visual and visible space, defined more by the view out and the view in than by traditional conditions of domestic enclosure. Popular how-to columns and home decoration articles offered homemakers a variety of mechanisms for sustaining the appearance and psychological comfort of the modern domestic setting. Examining a range of popular decorative strategies used to mediate residential picture windows and window walls, this study challenges the deep-seated cultural and disciplinary biases associated with both the design and study of domestic architecture and interiors. Drawing upon historical documents and contemporary theorizations of the interior, this paper argues for the agency of “soft architecture” in the domestication of modern residential architecture.     

喜剧《灰姑娘》——论克里斯蒂安·迪特里希·格拉贝的《灰姑娘》

德国喜剧作家格拉贝剧作《灰姑娘》的源头有三,一是他早期喜剧《玩笑、讽刺、讥讽及深层意义》,二是查尔斯.佩劳特的《鹅妈妈的童谣》中的《水晶鞋》,三是格林兄弟的《灰姑娘》故事。但剧作中又增加了高利贷者艾塞克和鼠变马车夫。前者源于莎士比亚《威尼斯商人》中的夏洛克,后者是其早期中的魔鬼形象的转变,可以游走于生活在现实世界和变幻莫测的魔法王国中。