中德大学历史学专业教学比较——德国柏林洪堡大学留学有感

德国大学历史学科的专业教学与我国大学历史学科的专业教学存在着诸多不同,具体体现在课程设置、教学手段和方式、教学内容、教学管理手段和方式、教学服务机构的管理以及教师的地位与作用等方面。了解了两者的不同,对我国大学历史学专业教学改革无疑具有借鉴作用。     

20世纪六十年代法德和解及其历史、现实意义

20世纪六十年代 ,法德两个仇怨很深的国家实现了和解 ,并在法德轴心的基础上实现了西欧的联合 ,这一重大历史事件对当事国、欧洲乃至整个世界都产生深远影响直至今日。本文着重探讨这一重大事件及其产生的历史和现实意义 ,尤其是对当前国际格局的影响。     

The 'Consumer Principle' in the Care of Elderly People: Free Choice and Actual Choice in the German Welfare State

In the mid-1990s, together with new long-term care legislation, the German welfare state introduced care markets and consumer choice between family care and different types of formal care. However, instead of using the new option to choose publicly funded care by long-term care agencies, the majority of elderly people in need of care continued to decide in favour of care exclusively provided by family members. The article examines how the persistence of family care in spite of the new options of consumer choice can be explained, using data from representative surveys on the care of elderly people in Germany and the results of guided interviews by the authors with family members involved in care. The findings indicate that there are two main reasons. The first is that elderly people and their families orient their behaviour towards traditional care values in which the first priority is given to mutual support between spouses and generations. The second reason is that elderly people on the one hand and care agencies on the other have substantially different definitions of a good quality of care.     

德意志民族因素在德国统一中的作用

德国的分裂是美苏冷战的产物.分裂后,两个德国虽然分属不同阵营,政治上以及意识形态上存在严重对立,但"同属一个德意志民族"的民族情感却不曾被割断,两德之间的经济、文化、社会生活等方面的交流也没有完全中断,并在德国统一道路上起到了不容忽视的促进作用.     

从皇帝到礼仪元首——从德国国家元首地位的嬗变看德国政治民主化

从19世纪德国统一以来三部宪法（《德意志帝国宪法》、《魏玛宪法》、联邦德国《基本法》）中国家元首从皇帝到礼仪元首的嬗变中可以看出,国家元首地位转变的主要因素是政治民主化的推进。由此可以看出,近代以来德国所经历的是＂外植内生结合型政治现代化模式＂,所走的是渐进与突变相结合（改良革命型）的曲折道路。     

纳粹屠犹与西德和以色列的特殊关系

希特勒纳粹德国在二战中残酷迫害犹太人的悲惨事件,使纳粹之后的西德（联邦德国）与幸存犹太人的代表以色列围绕着“索赔与赎罪”演绎了一段特殊的两国关系。西德在《卢森堡条约》的框架下对以色列边进行物质赔偿边进行秘密武器交易,而后西德冒着巨大的政治风险与以色列建交。西德奉行的道义外交尽管在某些情况下与国家利益发生了矛盾和冲突,但从客观上讲,它有利于战后德国反省纳粹暴行、恢复民族经济和尊严的,是值得肯定和同情的。     

论德国统一后的自主性全方位外交

统一后的德国成为欧洲的大国,并彻底摆脱了战败国地位和以美苏为首的四大盟国的控制。德国统一及后来苏联解体,标志着以美苏对峙的“冷战”时代的结束,欧洲力量对比随之发生了重大变化,世界格局迅速朝多极化方向发展。根据自身地位的变化和国际形势的发展,德国在外交上改变了以往追随者形象,根据其政治经济利益的需要,开展自主性的全方位外交,极力扩大德国在国际上的影响,使之成为世界上的政治大国,并以世界大国的身份主动要求承担更多的国际责任。     

1928-1938年的德中关系

１９２８－ １９３８ 年期间,德国与南京国民政府基于相互需要,建立了与其他列强无法比拟的外交关系。两国经济、军事往来频繁,德国对中国的影响力达到了空前的高峰。然而,令双方感到满意的辉煌时刻如白驹过隙,转瞬即逝。究其原因,主要在于希特勒在远东长期推行一种实利主义的外交政策。在这种政策的执行过程中,短期的机会主义和长期的以扩张为目的的一贯性之间的交叉作用,驱使希特勒在不同的时期追求不同的利益     

德国大学对美国研究型大学形成的影响

19世纪的德国大学在"学术自由"理念和制度,讲座制和习明纳的教学方法以及图书馆和实验室作为重要研究手段等方面对美国高等教育产生了重要影响,这是许多研究美国这段历史的学者都认同的事实。但是美国大学对于德国的影响并不是全盘接受,而是从中选择出自己所需要的东西,结合本国的民族文化传统,最终形成了独具特色的美国模式的研究型大学。     

Market Forces for the Unemployed? Training Vouchers in Germany and the USA

Vouchers are meant to increase competition and consumer choice in public service markets. Using the example of training vouchers for the unemployed in the USA and Germany, we show, however, that deficits, both on the demand and the supply side of the market, create problems with preference alignment and market formation. Information asymmetries undermine choice by the unemployed and reduce government control over the training system. Ironically, restrictions meant to compensate for these information deficits further inhibit competitive market formation. Evaluation data on training vouchers from both countries show that voucher systems do not increase choice, but weaken the partnerships public employment agencies previously had with training providers, and may lead to a shortage of high‐quality and specialized training, as well as creaming in the selection of training participants. Theoretical justification for vouchers is based on the notion of choice and consumer sovereignty. Using this framework to analyse the changed relationship between government, private training providers, and jobseekers, we challenge the efficacy of vouchers as a delivery mechanism in complex public service markets such as job training.