The Relations among Observational, Physiological, and Self-Report Measures of Children's Anger

Our first goal was to examine the relations among observational, physiological, and self‐report measures of children's anger. Our second goal was to investigate whether these relations varied by reactive or proactive aggression. Children (272 second‐grade boys and girls) participated in a procedure in which they lost a game and prize to a confederate who cheated. Skin conductance reactivity, heart rate reactivity, self‐reports of anger, angry facial expressions, and angry nonverbal behaviors were measured for each turn of the game. We used multi‐level regressions to calculate the relations among the 10 pairs of the five anger variables over the course of the game. Six of the 10 pairs of anger variables were positively related. These findings suggest that measuring children's anger using any one approach may not capture the full complexity of children's overall experience and expression of anger. Furthermore, three of the 10 relations were stronger at higher levels of reactive aggression, although none varied by proactive aggression. These findings suggest that reactive aggression is related to greater cohesiveness in the experience and expression of anger than is proactive aggression.     

先秦儒墨哲学思想比较分析

儒家与墨家有相近的学术渊源,却导致不同的学术方向.墨家对儒家曾提出四点批评,学术界一般将此作为儒墨分野的主要依据.笔者从儒墨两家对"仁"的理解、对"礼"的态度和政治思想方面剖析其异同之处.认为,在对"仁"的理解上,儒墨两家从基本理念和表现形式、根源及其实现方式、宗旨及其实现途径等方面体现出不同的取向;儒墨两家对祭祀的态度和对"鬼神"的看法体现了他们在"礼"的问题上的主要分歧;从国家的起源和政治制度的运作的剖析中,可以窥见两家政治思想的异同.     

Nonparametric multiple testing procedures

Assume that we have n_i independent observations from each of k independent populations. Each population has the same distribution except for a translation parameter. We are interested in specific pairwise differences of the parameters in various settings, such as treatment vs. control, change point or all pairwise differences. We propose new multiple testing procedures for the pairwise differences. The new procedures are based on ranks and they have desirable practical properties not shared by existing procedures. These include tests that satisfy the interval property. Furthermore, the test method provides an interval that serves as an estimate of the difference in the parameters of interest.     

Stepwise Regression in Mixed Quantitative Linear Models with Autocorrelated Errors

ABSTRACT

In the stepwise procedure of selection of a fixed or a random explanatory variable in a mixed quantitative linear model with errors following a Gaussian stationary autocorrelated process, we have studied the efficiency of five estimators relative to Generalized Least Squares (GLS): Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Maximum Likelihood (ML), Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML), First Differences (FD), and First-Difference Ratios (FDR). We have also studied the validity and power of seven derived testing procedures, to assess the significance of the slope of the candidate explanatory variable x ₂ to enter the model in which there is already one regressor x ₁. In addition to five testing procedures of the literature, we considered the FDR t-test with n ? 3 df and the modified t-test with n? ? 3 df for partial correlations, where n? is Dutilleul's effective sample size. Efficiency, validity, and power were analyzed by Monte Carlo simulations, as functions of the nature, fixed vs. random (purely random or autocorrelated), of x ₁ and x ₂, the sample size and the autocorrelation of random terms in the regression model. We report extensive results for the autocorrelation structure of first-order autoregressive [AR(1)] type, and discuss results we obtained for other autocorrelation structures, such as spherical semivariogram, first-order moving average [MA(1)] and ARMA(1,1), but we could not present because of space constraints. Overall, we found that:

1. the efficiency of slope estimators and the validity of testing procedures depend primarily on the nature of x ₂, but not on that of x ₁;

2. FDR is the most inefficient slope estimator, regardless of the nature of x ₁ and x ₂;

3. REML is the most efficient of the slope estimators compared relative to GLS, provided the specified autocorrelation structure is correct and the sample size is large enough to ensure the convergence of its optimization algorithm;

4. the FDR t-test, the modified t-test and the REML t-test are the most valid of the testing procedures compared, despite the inefficiency of the FDR and OLS slope estimators for the former two;

5. the FDR t-test, however, suffers from a lack of power that varies with the nature of x ₁ and x ₂; and

6. the modified t-test for partial correlations, which does not require the specification of an autocorrelation structure, can be recommended when x ₁ is fixed or random and x ₂ is random, whether purely random or autocorrelated. Our results are illustrated by the environmental data that motivated our work.

     

Organizational Behavior Management and Industrial/Organizational Psychology

Abstract

Six scholars in applied psychology wrote thoughtful and provocative reactions to a paper written by the author that presented a case for broadening the content and language of organizational behavior management (OBM) in order to enhance appreciation for OBM in organizational settings and among university faculty and students in mainstream psychology programs. This paper summarizes the follow-up commentaries and adds justification for key points made in the target article. Five topics are addressed: (1) critical distinctions between OBM and industrial/organizational psychology, (2) disadvantages of using negative over positive reinforcement to motivate behavior change, (3) the need to after OBM language in order to increase interest and application, (4) the use of unobservable person state vs. personality traits to explain behavior, and (5) the challenge of improving the education and training of students in OBM programs.     

21世纪孟子学研究的新展望

孟子学研究颇获海内外学者重视。以往的研究方法有:“内在研究”集中在性善论、身心关系论、知言养气论等三大议题之上,采取一种“即心言心”的进路,将孟子的“心”视为具有“自我立法”能力的、自给自足的、具有自主性的“道德主体”,肯定“心”之独立自主性,对孟子思想的历史与文化的脉络性掌握,常有未达之憾;“外在研究”注重在历史文化脉络中解读孟子学的内涵,将孟子思想置于政治与历史的具体情境之中考察,使孟子学中的诸多概念或理念,取得了鲜活的具体感,不再是抽象的概念,潜藏着某种未经明言的人性论预设:认为人是在具体的、特定的历史条件之中创造历史、进行思考活动,人不是遗世而独立的山林逸士,将孟子“脉络化”于历史情境中的研究进路,推至极端,就有所蔽。未来的孟子学研究必须“内”“外”兼顾,得其全貌。三个可能的研究新方向是:孟子思想中的身心关系论与修养工夫论;东亚孟子学的发展及其思想的同调与异趣;全球化时代孟子思想的普世价值。     

Capturing the flexibility of adaptation and settlement: anchoring in a mobile society

Drawing on interviews with 40 Polish migrants in the UK, ethnographic and autobiographical research, the article applies the concept of anchoring to theorise the flexibility of migrants’ adaptation and ‘settlement’. Simultaneity, multidimensionality and changeability of anchoring and the reverse processes of un-anchoring are examined here to bridge the divide between the ‘sedentarist’ and the mobility perspectives. The paper particularly focuses on anchors overlooked in the adaptation and integration literature, such as: performing gender; daily practices; spirituality; leisure activities; attachment to nature; material objects and technology; as well as constraining illnesses and addictions.     

“Seeing to be seen”: The manager’s political economy of visibility in new ways of working

Recent changes in the world of work have modified the conditions of the exercise of management in ways that challenge managers’ traditional authority and identity, both symbolically and physically. In this context, we analyse the “visibilizing process” of managers, through which they attempt to make themselves more visible, in ways that reaffirm their authority and restore their identity as managers. To that end, we develop a Foucauldian framework on power and visibility, which sheds light on the “political economy of visibility” of the manager. We apply this framework to a case study that encouraged a re-spatialization of remote work in coworking spaces. The findings show how the manager in our case study staged his own visibility, by enhancing managerial control, to manage his invisibility and shape his intertwined identities. Through the visibilizing process, the manager legitimated his role, materialized his function, and restored his authority.     

论翻译的“虚实化意”策略

文章从"虚实化意"的视角来探讨文学翻译问题。"虚化"与"实化"是事物的一对矛盾现象,但它们可以互相转化,以适应上下文的要求。如果译者能够正确、灵活地处理这一翻译策略,它将使得译文具有可读性。     

针织弹力灯芯绒浸染新工艺探讨

本文探讨了M型活性染料浸染针织弹力灯芯绒新工艺,讨论了温度、纯碱用量、氯化钠浓度、浴比等因素对灯芯绒染色的影响。应用结果表明,成品的色泽均一性、色牢度和染色的匀染性、重现性均较好;浸染新工艺操作简单,工厂易于生产。