包容性增长:公平与效率的交织进化

在我国经济发展的过程中,人们更多关注的是经济增长,追求"GDP主义",以实现经济的快速发展.但是在经济增长过程中产生了连带的社会问题,最大的问题莫过于收入分配不公.那么,在当前环境下,如何公平合理地分享中国经济发展成果当仁不让的成为我国经济发展所面临的一个重大问题."包容性增长"理论应运而生,契合了经济法治建设的时代要...     

Large courts,small justice!: The inefficiency and the optimal structure of the Italian justice sector

An important problem in the public sector, given the lack of output prices and exit decisions to sanction inefficient units, is finding the optimal industry structure. We apply a novel approach to Italian courts of justice, a typical example of a small sector in the public domain but with important effects on economic agents׳ behavior, firm size, FDI, and on the overall economy. The suggested approach enables us to break down the aggregate court inefficiency into different sources and to investigate the optimal structure of the justice sector. Results show that technical inefficiency (lack of best practice) accounts for more than one third (38%) of total inefficiency, while size inefficiency (courts that are too big) is about 22–25%. The remaining inefficiency is represented by a sub-optimal allocation of inputs (30–40%). If reallocation is confined to macroregional or regional borders, then technical and size inefficiencies increase in relative terms compared to reallocation inefficiency. We suggest that, together with reallocating inputs by merging smaller courts, a complementary set of policy interventions would be to adopt best practices and split larger courts.     

经济法定义之辩证

作为我国现阶段经济法的描述,国家干预法说的定义大体上是可以接受的。如果给经济法下一个“通用”的定义,以至于其能适用于各个国家、不同时期的经济法,它应该是指,国家在自然经济或市场配置资源的基础上,根据特定的价值考虑,在经济各部门、各主体间重新配置生产要素与经济利益,重新分配其权利、义务的法律规范的总称。就此,笔者提出“重新配置说”。本说不以调整对象为定义的基础,强调经济法与民法之间的互动性、层次性。     

中国农业发展存在“结构红利”吗?

要素的有效配置对产业发展至关重要。在经典钱纳里模型的基础上加入人力资本,基于扩展的理论范式首次研究了我国2001-2012年要素再配置效应对农业发展的影响,结果发现:现阶段我国农业较快增长主要源自要素尤其是资本的驱动,传统的要素密集型的粗放式发展模式依然明显,要素再配置的“结构红利”极为微弱。资源在农业各部门间的错配导致了要素再配置效应的低下,而造成我国农业生产中资源错配的本质原因在于地区及部门间的垄断保护等扭曲性的制度安排。提高要素再配置效应,释放“结构红利”,关键在于不断突破阻碍要素自由合理流动的制度藩篱,充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用。     

Diffusion, levelling, simplification and reallocation in past tense BE in the English Fens

In the dialect contact framework proposed by Trudgill (1986), relatively little research has investigated the consequences of the mixing of different grammatical systems of English. The apparent time survey of the Fenland dialect of eastern England reported here provides an example of a range of dialect contact processes reconfiguring variable patterns of past tense BE, resulting in a variety with analogical levelling to was in positive contexts –' the farms was '– and to weren't in negative clauses –' the farm weren't '. In focussing this was/weren't pattern, a number of the processes typical of koine´isation can be observed – diffusion (the geographical and/or social spread of a linguistic form from another socio-geographical place), levelling (the eradication of marked or minority forms in situations of dialect competition, where the number of variants in the output is dramatically reduced from the number in the input), simplification (a relative diminution of grammatical irregularity and redundancy) and reallocation (where two (or more) ingredient variants of the dialect mix are refunctionalised to serve new social, stylistic, or, as here, grammatical roles).     

Variation,contact and social indexicality in the acquisition of (ing) by teenage migrants1

We discuss some apparent limits on the acquisition of variation suggested by our recent work exploring how teenage migrants to the U.K. acquire local norms of variation. We focus on the constraints on the (ing) variable that emerged from a multivariate analysis. We find evidence for a systematisation of the variable among immigrants, involving
some linguistically and cognitively predictable constraints, but also the emergence of social constraints not found in the teenage native speakers. We argue that transformation of variable constraints is a necessary artefact of the inherent complexity of sociolinguistic variables, particularly those with social indexicality. This research note: (1) delineates some theoretical and practical questions involved in incorporating social indexing in variationist studies, especially of non‐native speakers; and (2) further explores reallocation (transformation) in the study of language contact. Wir behandeln mögliche Grenzen des Erwerbs soziolinguistischer Variation, die unsere jüngste Studie zum Erwerb lokaler Variationsnormen jugendlicher Immigranten in Großbritannien zu zeigen scheint. In unserer Ergebnisdarstellung konzentrieren wir uns auf die Faktoren, die die Verwendung der (ing) Variable beschränken. Die Ergebnisse gingen aus einer multivariaten Datenanalyse hervor. Wir zeigen, dass die Variable unter Immigranten systematisiert wird, was das Erscheinen einiger linguistischer und kognitiv voraussagbarer Faktoren aber auch einiger interessanter sozialer Faktoren einschließt, die nicht unter den jugendlichen Muttersprachlern gefunden werden konnten. Wir zeigen weiterhin, dass die Umwandlung variabler Faktoren ein notwendiges Artefakt der inhärenten Komplexität soziolinguistischer Variablen ist, insbesondere von Variablen mit sozialer Indexikalität. Diese Notiz umreißt einige praktische Fragen in Bezug auf (1) die Einfügung sozialer Indizes in variationslinguistische Studien, insbesondere solcher, die Nicht‐Muttersprachler betreffen, und (2) die weitere Erforschung des Prozesses der Umverteilung in der Untersuchung von Sprachkontaktphänomenen. [German]     

农业资源再配置的生产率效应评估

Optimizing the allocation of agricultural resources plays an important role in promoting the growth of agricultural productivity.Based on 1384 county level panel data from 2002 to 2015,this paper estimates the resource reallocation and its productivity contribution by OP decomposition,taking labor productivity,land productivity and total factor productivity as examples.The results show that:1)overall,the reallocation of land factors and labor factors are both lagging behind,while agribusiness resource reallocation has improved; 2)from the perspective of sample distribution,the reallocation of labor factors,land factor and integrated resource is lagging behind in northeast; 3)from the perspective of productivity effect,the optimal reallocation of labor factors can increase labor productivity by 54.64%,the optimal reallocation of land factors can increase land productivity by 55.86%,and resource reallocation contributes 17.37% of total factor productivity growth.Agricultural resource reallocation has a large potential productivity effect.Therefore,more attention should be given to the optimal allocation of agricultural resources in policy formulation,especially for the reallocation of land and labor,so as to make full use of the productivity effect of resource reallocation.     

Type I error rate control in adaptive designs for confirmatory clinical trials with treatment selection at interim

Interest in confirmatory adaptive combined phase II/III studies with treatment selection has increased in the past few years. These studies start comparing several treatments with a control. One (or more) treatment(s) is then selected after the first stage based on the available information at an interim analysis, including interim data from the ongoing trial, external information and expert knowledge. Recruitment continues, but now only for the selected treatment(s) and the control, possibly in combination with a sample size reassessment. The final analysis of the selected treatment(s) includes the patients from both stages and is performed such that the overall Type I error rate is strictly controlled, thus providing confirmatory evidence of efficacy at the final analysis. In this paper we describe two approaches to control the Type I error rate in adaptive designs with sample size reassessment and/or treatment selection. The first method adjusts the critical value using a simulation-based approach, which incorporates the number of patients at an interim analysis, the true response rates, the treatment selection rule, etc. We discuss the underlying assumptions of simulation-based procedures and give several examples where the Type I error rate is not controlled if some of the assumptions are violated. The second method is an adaptive Bonferroni-Holm test procedure based on conditional error rates of the individual treatment-control comparisons. We show that this procedure controls the Type I error rate, even if a deviation from a pre-planned adaptation rule or the time point of such a decision is necessary.     

环境规制、就业再配置与社会福利

中国环境规制力度的逐渐加大,引发行业间与行业内的就业再配置,并进一步影响社会福利。利用2003—2017年中国37个工业行业数据,发现环境规制对社会福利的影响表现为先升后降的倒U型关系,现阶段34个工业行业未越过拐点;相较于污染行业,清洁行业的就业再配置能显著提升社会福利;中介效应模型的结果表明,全行业、污染行业的就业再配置在环境规制与社会福利之间表现为遮掩效应。因此,实现生态优化与社会福利提升的双赢目标,需要识别各行业的最优环境规制强度,对未越过拐点的行业应加大环境规制强度,也可以通过提高就业需求端与供给端的灵活匹配来减少环境规制的社会福利代偿。     

无地农民与土地调整、土地流转及土地继承的关系——基于广东、湖南两省9个村的调查

基于广东、湖南两省9个村的入户调查,研究农村土地承包权长期化背景下的无地农民与土地调整、土地流转之间的关系。通过回归分析,发现在落实了土地承包权长期化的村中,离土地进行最后调整时间越远,无地农民数量和有无地人口的农户数量越多,农民的土地调整意愿下降,农民越不愿意动地。无地农民的存在不是农户转入和转出土地的主要影响因素,在无地情况下,无地农民并非通过土地流转市场租入土地获得土地使用权,而是外出打工。另外,无地农民通过家庭内部继承获得承包权已经成为农村社会普遍现象。论证了无地农民群体的存在对当下农村社会而言,未构成严峻的问题;也说明土地之所以不再重新调整,是因为土地调整预期收益低而组织成本高,从而30年不变的政策从一种外部强制性制度安排成为一种内生制度安排并延续下来。