Bathroom Transformation: From Hygiene to Well-Being?

ABSTRACT

Western bathroom standards, which have long been dominated by ideas of hygiene, seem to be in the process of change. Whereas transformations of kitchens have been well studied, little attention has been directed towards the contemporary development of bathrooms. This article provides a case study of the transformation in design, use, and meaning of Danish bathrooms, drawing lines back in history but focusing mainly on current changes. The bathroom is seen as a complex arena where many different forces interact. The study applies the regime concept to organize the story and outlines the developments in physical frameworks, practices, and images. It is based on a combination of literature survey, review of magazine and media coverage, visits to exhibitions, and qualitative interviews. The article outlines changes in Danish bathrooms and analyzes how new trends appear in relation to actual bathroom renovations. In particular, the notion of well-being is highlighted as challenging existing hygiene ideas.     

日常仪式化行为的形成：从雷锋日记到知青日记

本文关注日常仪式化行为的形成。以知青日记写作为例，本文深入探讨了这一日常仪式化行为形成的过程。因其日常性和表达实践中的个人性，日常仪式化行为的社会性是容易被忽略的。本文主要利用结构仪式化理论，证明日常仪式化行为包含了丰富的社会内涵和群体存在特征，社会、群体存在特征和个人在日常仪式化行为形成中具有关键的作用。社会领域的公共行为是群体和个人日常仪式化行为的真正来源，群体的存在特征则为群体成员复制、选择、调整甚至改变这些公共行为提供了条件，而对社会公共行为和群体特征的估量则是由个人完成的。     

Prayer and Liturgy as Constitutive‐Ends Practices in Black Immigrant Communities

Much social theory tends to emphasize the external goods of social practices, often neglecting the internal goods of those practices. For example, many analyses of religious rituals over‐emphasize the instrumental and individualistic ends of prayer and liturgy by describing such religious practices as effective means for achieving external ends like positive emotions, psychological benefits, social status, or social capital. By contrast, we use a neo‐Aristotelian virtue ethics perspective to analyze the relational goods, such as trust and intimacy, which are expressed and sustained through ritualized social practices. Using ethnographies of Haitian and Ghanaian Christians in the U.S., we demonstrate that prayer and liturgy can also be understood as constitutive‐ends practices, practices in which human persons engage to sustain relations with others because there are goods inherent to those relationships. We further argue that in many religious practices, the end goals and the means—i.e. specific aspects of the practice—are inseparable. Our approach to developing theory combines critical engagement with numerous other theorists and also exploring how well various theories can explain the motivations and experiences of participants in the religious rituals where we conducted our ethnographies.     

Webster‐Stratton Incredible Years Basic Parent Programme (IY) in child care placements: residential staff carers' satisfaction results

The aim of the present study was to investigate residential child care staff satisfaction with their involvement in the Webster‐Stratton Incredible Years Basic Parent Programme (IY). In an exploratory, not randomized study, 27 professionals from two different short‐term Portuguese residential child care centres (IG1, n = 15; IG2; n = 12) completed weekly IY evaluations and an overall satisfaction questionnaire at the end of their participation in the IY intervention. The weekly level of satisfaction was assessed with regard to each of the programme's components (content, DVDs, group leaders, group discussion). At the last session, they filled out a questionnaire aimed to evaluate the levels of satisfaction regarding the programme overall, the teaching format, the group leader(s) and the usefulness of specific educational techniques they learned. Data indicated that residential staff carers were highly satisfied with the weekly sessions and with the overall usefulness of the intervention programme. Results are discussed in terms of implications and future research directions.     

海洋渔业权益研究的回顾与展望

海洋渔业权益维护研究涉及海洋学、政治学、法学、管理学等多个学科领域,具有显著的跨学科和交叉融合的研究特点。系统梳理和评述国内外海洋渔业权益维护研究文献,认为现有国内研究虽然在海洋渔业权益的理论内涵、国际争端表现、维护实践等方面取得了一定的进展,但研究的系统性不足,在多个研究层面还存在许多盲点。未来中国海洋渔业权益维护问题需要进一步拓展研究空间,在理论层面要明晰海洋渔业权益及其维护的理论机理,并在此基础上统筹时间和空间两个视角深入研究现有的争端解决机制,提炼出对中国海洋渔业权益维护有借鉴意义的国际经验,进而探索解决中国海洋渔业权益维护的机制、实现路径以及法律制度保障等科学问题,为解决现实中的海洋渔业权益国际争端提供理论指导。     

Wittgenstein,Durkheim, Garfinkel and Winch: Constitutive Orders of Sensemaking

This paper proposes an approach to the question of meaning and understanding based on the idea of constitutive rules and their relationship to the social objects they are used to create. This approach implicates mutual attention as an essential aspect of the social processes constitutive of social objects and mutual intelligibility. Social objects as such include the meaning, perception and coherence of things, identities and talk, etc. There is a relatively unexplored but important line of argument in sociology that has, from the beginning, explained the coherence and mutual intelligibility of social objects and associations in terms of constitutive practices and social facts. This line of argument begins with Emile Durkheim (1893) and carries through the work of Harold Garfinkel to current studies of work and interaction, human computer interaction and talk. The argument is that we use constitutive practices (Constitutive rules or constitutive background expectancies) to create social objects and make coherent and shared meanings. To act is in this sense for Garfinkel ([1948]2006) to “mean”. Explaining the consistency of social objects and orders in terms of constitutive orders, rules, or practices is an approach that meets the challenges posed to social science and philosophy by Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953 ), Peter Winch (1958 ) and Paul Grice (1989 ).     

抗战时期一个彝区土司的边务实践与民情叙述——《倮情述论》中的彝人社会与边疆图景

抗日战争时期,岭光电作为一个兼有彝区土司和军政职务的彝族精英,其《倮情论述》一书所陈述的彝区的边务实践与民情风俗,展现了在国族政治抱负下,彝区精英如何对彝人历史、社会、文化之图景进行重新的组织与呈现。在民族国家的语境下,他的论述获得了时代意义:即让西南边地的人民与现代中国的国家化进程接轨,从而在使国家更为完整的同时,也让边民获得其民族地位与国民权益。岭光电所具备的时代穿透性和空间跨越性,也使得他的边务实践和民情叙述充满了一种宝贵的韧性和灵活性,而这些正是当代社会科学研究所缺乏的。     

人力资源管理实践对组织绩效影响的元分析

鉴于人力资源管理实践对组织绩效影响的研究结论不统一的研究现状,本文通过对国内外重要期刊的60篇文章的元分析发现,人力资源管理实践对组织绩效具有积极影响。同时,本文还对比了中国和西方在这一问题上的研究,发现人力资源管理实践的个别维度在两种社会环境下所起到的作用迥异。论文的研究结果增加了我们对人力资源管理实践的理解,同时也为企业人力资源管理工作者对人力资源管理系统的设计提供了有益的启示。     

Negotiating dilemmas in the practices of street‐level welfare work

Hjörne E, Juhila K, van Nijnatten C. Negotiating dilemmas in the practices of street‐level welfare work Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 303–309 © 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare. The theme of this mini‐symposium is based on the core ideas of two influential books published about 30 years ago, namely Michael Lipsky's Street‐Level Bureaucracy – Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services (1980) and Jeffrey Prottas's People‐Processing – The Street‐Level Bureaucrat in Public Service Bureaucracies (1979). In these books, three dilemmas were identified that have great importance for welfare workers' position as mediators between institutions and citizens: autonomy versus control, responsiveness versus standardisation, and demand versus supply. In this editorial, we discuss these dilemmas with regard to the present context of street‐level welfare work, which is strongly influenced by managerialist policies (also called new public management). It is emphasised that in the era of managerialism, the dilemmas should be approached as empirical matters: how they are present, talked into being and negotiated in naturally occurring practices of street‐level welfare work, and with what consequences.