R＆D经费投入带动中国经济增长的时滞性分析

研究和试验发展（R＆D）是科技活动中最具有创造性和创新性的内容。基于灰色关联分析方法构建时滞分析模型,研究了中国基础研究、应用研究和试验发展的经费投入带动经济增长的时滞性,结果显示：基础研究和应用研究的经费投入带动经济增长的滞后期均在9年以上,随着滞后期的延长这种带动作用呈现上升趋势;而试验发展的经费投入带动经济增长的滞后期为4年左右,随着滞后期的延长这种带动作用呈现下降的趋势。从科技战略的长远发展考虑,中国既要继续增加R＆D经费投入总量,也要重视不同研究性质经费投入的协调发展。     

Uses and limitations of dichotomous aggregate relational data

Aggregate relational data (ARD) on relationships between individuals and subgroups have been informative for studying egocentric network size and degree distributions, assessing segregation in contact with subpopulations, and estimating the size of unlisted groups. Scale-up models for ARD usually assume survey data giving counts of acquaintances in subpopulations, but a closed-ended response format that asks respondents to select a category covering a range of counts may be less burdensome. The simplest (dichotomous) such format distinguishes between having one or more acquaintances in a subpopulation and having none; many existing position generator data take this form. We assess the potential of dichotomous ARD by adapting existing methods for inference from count ARD to accommodate such data. We find that they permit estimation of degree distributions for basic scale-up models, though estimates are less precise than those from count ARD. Dichotomous ARD do not contain sufficient information to model segregation, however. These limitations may be addressed by estimating segregation using respondent heterogeneity on observed covariates, and/or by using a slightly expanded closed response format (0, 1, or two or more acquaintances). Our results suggest how the applications of position generator data – which typically collect dichotomous ARD – might be broadened to encompass questions studied using ARD.     

Social Movement Audiences1

Audiences are important to social movements, but the relationships between social movements and their audiences are not well understood. This article uses scholarship from performance studies, especially ideas of audiences as constructed, meaningful, and influenced/influential, to explore two issues. First, how do social movements define their audiences? Second, how are social movement actions toward their audiences shaped by these definitions? Analysis of longitudinal data on two social movement groups in Pittsburgh from 2003 to 2007 shows that social movements variously interpret the nature and role of their audiences and that these interpretations affect their strategies and goals, sometimes quite radically. The conclusion explores how attention to audiences can augment scholarship on the relational, iterative, interpretive, and reflexive aspects of social movements.     

一类经济预报模型及其在房地产研究中的应用

本文用灰色理论分析了房地产商品房销售问题,建立了相应的数学模型,并进行了分析。此外,对商品房销售的构成进行了灰色关联分析。     

May–December Lesbian Relationships: Power Storms or Blue Skies?

SUMMARY

What are the implications when there is considerable difference in the ages of partners in a lesbian couple? May–December lesbian relationships are those where partners are at least 10 years apart in age, and where both partners are over 30. These relationships have been either neglected or valorized in the psychological literature. Differences in socially ascribed power, women's socialization against acknowledging power, the value the lesbian community places on egalitarianism, and the interaction of other privileges, combine to impact these couples. The fluid nature of power dynamics in May–December lesbian relationships is highlighted and explored. Finally, ways that age-variant lesbian couples can navigate these power differentials in healthy ways are addressed.     

Language Generativity,Response Generalization,and Derived Relational Responding

Language generativity can be described as the ability to produce sentences never before said, and to understand sentences never before heard. One process often cited as underlying language generativity is response generalization. However, though the latter seems to promise a technical understanding of the former at a process level, an investigation of definitions and approaches to the term “response generalization” that appear in the literature suggests that it does not do so. We argue that a more promising candidate for the role of key process underlying language generativity is derived relational responding. We introduce the latter concept and describe empirical research showing its connection with language. We subsequently present a relational frame theory (RFT) conceptualization of derived relations as contextually controlled generalized relational responding. We then review a series of recent studies on derived manding in developmentally delayed children and adults that arguably demonstrate the applied utility of a derived relations-based approach with respect to the phenomenon of generative language.     

Radical/Critical Social Work with Young Offenders: Challenges and Possibilities

In the UK, particularly in England, youth crime is perceived as a serious social problem, which is always near the top of the political agenda. Since the early 1990s, ‘populist punitiveness’ (Bottoms, 1995), amounting to varying degrees of punishment and control, has been key for addressing the problem. This culminated in New Labour's flagship Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and thereafter increasing concern with anti-social behaviour. The Conservative-led coalition is continuing in this vein. It is a ‘get tough’ approach in which the role of social work has been sidelined. In this article, I argue that such an approach is counterproductive as evidenced by the riots of August 2011 in London and other major cities. Rather than notions of punishment and control being to the fore, attention should be paid to the social and economic conditions that shape young people's lives and behaviour. For social workers, this involves relationship building with young offenders and their families and this is where a radical/critical work practice comes in. It is an emancipatory practice, which resists the neoliberal present and has some vision of a more socially just and equal future world.     

基于范式演进的工程项目风险分担研究

基于范式演进学说,通过对已有工程项目风险分担相关研究文献的综述性归纳,研究得出:工程项目风险分担研究的发展脉络与项目本质认知的深化具有关联性,从项目一次性特征到临时契约及社会网络的本质认知,工程项目情景下的风险分担研究呈现出范式演进的特征;技术与组织范式关注于从风险识别、评估及分配等分担过程的视角揭示其改善机理,但研究缺乏“经济人”与“社会人”假设下的分析,有悖于现实情景;而契约范式与关系范式的兴起则拓展了风险分担解释空间,揭示了社会资本、信任等关系情景或要素对风险分担的作用机理.     

Manifesto for a critical realist relational sociology

In recent years, many different versions of relational sociology have appeared. In this paper, I present a critical realist version developed since 1983, which is also called ‘relational theory of society’ (CRRS). It shares with the other relational sociologies the idea of avoiding both methodological individualism and holism. The main differences lie in the way social relations are defined, the kind of reality that is attributed to them, how they configure social formations, and the way in which their changes are conceived (morphogenesis and emergence). In particular, this approach is suitable to understand how the morphogenesis of society comes about through social relations, which are the connectors that mediate between agency and social structure. The generative mechanism that feeds social morphogenesis resides in the dynamic (that is, in their ways of operating) of the social relations networks that alter the social molecule constituting structures already in place. Social morphogenesis is a form of surplus of society with respect to itself. Society increases (or decreases) its potential for surplus depending on processes of valorization (or devalorization) of social relations.     

大中型企业新产品产出与科技投入灰关联分析

通过整理1991￣2002年我国大中型工业企业新产品产出状况与科技资源投入的相关数据,介绍、分析了当前我国大中型工业企业新产品产出的基本状况及影响新产品产出能力的各种科技资源投入要素。应用灰色关联分析方法,对我国大中型工业企业新产品产出与科技资源投入各要素的相关性进行分析,得出在当前我国大中型工业企业中,科技财力资源和科技人力资源这两个要素对企业新产品产出能力影响程度较大的结论。