美国二战士兵“解体式”复员的原因

参加第二次世界大战的美国士兵超过1500万,在欧战结束后的一年内却复员了1200万.尽管大规模复员在当时并非明智之举,但美国政府还是作出了这一决定,其根本原因是美利坚民族有着顽固的反常备军传统、推崇民主与自由的民族特质和对维持一支庞大常备军所耗巨额财政的反感.     

经济转轨过程中养老保险制度改革的思考

计划经济体制下的养老保险制度是国家保障型的养老保险制度，养老保险的计发采用统一或基本统一的应计收益公式，即零或几乎为零的边际收益率　。经济转轨过程中，为了提高社会保障的边际效率，需要对享受养老金待遇进行改革。养老保险制度可以由自愿的私人保险和退休基金提供必要的补充。私营养老保险基金通过分摊率的竞争，可以大大提高养老保险的经营效益。     

冶金资讯

离退休党支部建设是党的基层组织建设的重要组成部分。加强离退休党支部建设,对于贯彻落实党中央关于政治上尊重和关心离退休干部的要求,进一步加强离退休队伍建设,具有十分重要的意义。文章论述了加强离退休党支部建设的重要意义、离退休干部党支部的地位作用、主要任务、工作原则和工作方法,以及建立党支部建设的长效机制,促进离退休干部党支部工作步入科学化轨道等问题。     

Wealth, Reservation Wealth, and the Decision to Retire

This paper introduces a model of retirement wealth choice. Reservation wealth is defined as the level of wealth at which an individual is indifferent between retiring and not retiring. Economic theory is used to generate hypotheses concerning how an individual's characteristics determine his or her reservation wealth. An econometric strategy is outlined for estimating these determinants, given that reservation wealth is not directly observed. This strategy is then employed using the 1992 Survey of Consumer Finances. The findings imply that individuals respond fairly conservatively, with respect to their retirement planning, to changes in their income. It is also found that married men and women choose their reservation wealth in very different ways.     

Labour Markets and Organisational Change: Future Working Structures for an Ageing Work Force

Flexible manufacturing systems, team work with decentralisation of decision-making, integration of tasks and multiple allocation across functional barriers demand a skilled work force prepared for continuous learning and adaptation. It is common to see a younger, well-educated and trained work force as being required for such a production environment. A closer empirical look at most of the internal labour markets in this study shows that existing labour market structures do not match this image. Existing labour markets consist very often of an older (and ageing) labour force with relatively low skills and with resistance to continuous training. These structural features have, over the last ten years — despite the existence of costly early retirement measures and new entries into internal labour markets — not much improved, and in many cases have even deteriorated. While age-related exit measures have contributed to maintaining sound corporate cultures in offering socially cushioned exit options and have also prevented internal labour markets from growing older too rapidly, they have — in the “lean employment environment” of mature industrial sectors — not led to a sustained restructuring of internal labour markets. The ending of many of the age-related exit measures owing to their impact on public and company budgets could lead to a growing mismatch between the structure of demand and the structure of supply in internal labour markets. This could have negative effects on company performance and increase the probability of unemployment for workers if no proactive policies for managing the age problem are introduced. Such proactive policies might consist of appropriate age-related training, age-related flexible working time and work organisation patterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Structural and Supportive Changes in Couples' Family and Friendship Networks Across the Transition to Parenthood

This article prospectively examined the patterns of change in couples' family and friend networks and supports across the transition to parenthood as well as stability in individual differences over time. Additionally, parental adjustment and depression were examined with respect to changes in couples' social systems. Participants included a total of 137 couples recruited prior to the birth of their first child from prenatal clinics in rural North Carolina. Couples were interviewed about their social networks and supports at four different time periods: prenatally and when target children were 3, 12, and 24 months of age. Couples also completed measures of depression and adjustment at each of the time periods. Across‐time correlations computed for the social network, support, and parental functioning variables revealed that there was considerable stability in the rank ordering of husbands and wives from the prenatal period through 24 months postpartum documenting continuity in parental networks in the context of change. However, growth curve analyses revealed dynamic changes in mothers' and fathers' social systems during this transition and that many of these changes were related to parental adjustment and depression. The discussion highlights the contribution of these data to understanding continuities and discontinuities in mothers' and fathers' social networks over time.     

清代吏员的录用、迁转与离役

吏员是中国传统社会各级官署中的办事人员 ,也是官僚制组织的重要构成之一 ,吏员的选用、迁转与离职事关官僚组织行政效率的提高及其预设目标的实现。清代在吏员的任用制度上较前朝更为详备 ,但在录用、迁转和离役的实践中 ,其弊端却更为明显 ,表明清代吏员制度存在着更多的不合理性。     

Help to Family and Friends: Are There Gender Differences at Older Ages?

This paper uses recent data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (N = 5,220) to explore gender differences in the extent to which adults in their 50s and 60s provide informal help to their adult children, elderly parents and friends We find that both men and women report very high levels of helping kin and nonkin alike, though women do more to assist elderly parents and women provide much more emotional support to others than do men. Men provide more assistance than do women with "housework, yard work and repairs." As they retire from the workforce, married men become significantly more involved in the care of their grandchildren, virtually eliminating any gender difference by the time they are in their 60s.     

弹性退休制度与养老保险保障制度整合初论

弹性退休政策是退休养老保险保障制度的重要组成部分,是退休制度与养老保险保障制度整合的重要制度链。实施弹性退休政策有其内在的经济学与社会学理论依据,弹性退休制度对养老保险保障制度产生根本性影响,完善弹性退休政策的激励机制是实施弹性退休政策的基本前提。     

Australia's retirement income revolution: a Finnish system "down-under"

Most advanced industrial societies are confronting serious economic recession, and governments are seeking ways to stimulate economic growth and reduce government expenditure. For many countries these problems are compounded by aging populations and demographic changes. There are fewer people in the workforce, and more people in older age groups live longer and have increased expectations for retirement lifestyles. The result has been that many governments are radically transforming their systems of retirement income provision, often causing political, economic and social upheaval and widespread public anxiety. Australia is one country in which there have been huge changes in the retirement income system in the past 5 years. The system has been substantially privatized, and future retirement income will come from statutorily enforced earnings-related individual savings accumulated in decentralized private funds. Australia's new retirement income regime bears extraordinary similarities to the Finnish system of employment-related pensions, yet there was no reference to the Finnish system in the evolution of the new Australian system. There are lessons for Australia and for other countries in the long and successful operation of the Finnish pension system. This article first examines Australia's retirement income system, recent government policy changes and likely implications of these retirement policy changes for the future of Australia's traditional welfare state. Cross-national comparisons of the retirement income regimes in Finland and Australia, identifying international best practice in each country, comprise the second half of the article. Such comparisons will be of interest to policy-makers seeking new policy directions.