Employment and earning differences in the early career of ethnic minority British graduates: the importance of university career,parental background and area characteristics

Ethnic minorities in the U.K. are more likely than the white majority to gain university qualifications, but experience worse labour market outcomes on average. This paper compares employment and earnings of British graduates from ethnic minorities to those of white British graduates to analyse whether ethnic labour market differences exist among the highly qualified, and whether they can be explained by differences in parental background, local area characteristics or differences in university careers. These factors account for a substantial part of persistent ethnic differences in earnings, but explain very little of the differences in employment. Compared to the literature estimating ethnic labour market inequalities on people with any level of qualification, we find smaller ethnic differences in employment and almost no differences in earnings among graduates entering the labour market. The results are robust to various changes in model specification.     

我国企业年金发展缓慢的原因及对策分析

建立企业年金制度不仅会对基本养老保险制度起重要的补充作用,而且有利于提高企业的竞争力,还能推动资本市场的发展。但我国目前企业年金发展十分缓慢,其原因主要与缺乏基本法律支持体系、企业的基本社会保险负担沉重、职工对企业年金的需求不强烈、税收支持政策不完善、企业年金管理主体不明确和投资渠道狭窄等有关。因此,应尽快制定有关企业年金的法律法规,逐步降低基本养老保险替代率,完善并严格执行税收优惠政策,将企业年金与企业其他资产分开,拓宽投资渠道,遴选适宜的企业年金投资营运机构,以推进企业年金的建立。     

Instantanés de la situation des jeunes générations sur le marché du travail aux Pays-Bas

La relation de travail Ṣtypiqueṣ perd du terrain aujourd'hui. Les jeunes sont particulièrement touchés par cette évolution. Dans ce contexte, les auteures examinent dans le détail le parcours d'insertion des générations arrivées sur le marché du travail des Pays-Bas entre 1985 et 2014, en procédant sur le modèle de l'analyse séquentielle des parcours de vie. Avec deux indicateurs spécifiques (niveau d'entropie et de turbulence), elles montrent que la trajectoire des cohortes qui s'insèrent après 2000, notamment en 2008, est effectivement plus accidentée, et ce malgré la politique de flexisécurité à l'honneur dans le pays. Les transitions vers l'emploi stable sont l'exception plutôt que la règle.     

Precarious work among young Danish employees - a permanent or transitory condition?

There is broad agreement that precarious work is a growing problem, and that it is highly prevalent among young employees. The financial crisis in 2008 has reinforced the need for knowledge about how precarious work affects young employees. This paper explores how the concept of precarious work may apply differentially to different groups of young people at work and whether this challenges the term ‘transition’, which until now has been one of the core elements within contemporary youth research. We examine discursive representations of precarious work, vulnerability and risks among young Danish employees aged 18–24 in the healthcare sector, the metal industry and retail trade captured in 46 interviews involving 74 participants. Results are discussed taking into consideration the Nordic welfare model with an active labour marked policy. We conclude that precarious work is not, in fact, simply a characteristic of young employees’ work as such, but rather it is related to their position in the labour market and the type of jobs in which they are employed. While some are in transition, others are at risk of being trapped in precarious and risky working conditions.     

Risk and vulnerability in social assistance receipt of young adults in Finland

Social background may affect not only individuals’ wellbeing, but also their ability to manage the typical and problematic transitions occurring during young adulthood. Hence, this article has used Finnish population register data to analyse how social background and critical life‐course factors predict the number of months of social assistance received annually among young adults aged 19–29. Special interest was given to asking whether those with a disadvantaged social background are more vulnerable to the effects of critical life‐course factors. The results showed that social background and critical life‐course factors have independent effects on social assistance receipt. Additionally, this study shows that the effects and the incidence of critical life‐course factors can be affected by social background.     

Substitution and spill-overs between early exit pathways in times of extending working lives in Europe

This article investigates to what extent instrument substitution between early exit pathways took place in Europe between 1995 and 2015. Using Eurostat aggregate data on labour market inactivity and employment rates among the population aged 55–64 in 19 European countries, we analyse substitution effects between pathways and overall spill-over effects into non-employment. In spite of a strong decline in early exit and rises in older workers’ employment rates, findings suggest that instrument substitution was common especially between early retirement and disability. Reductions in early exit coincided with considerable spill-overs into non-employment, yet these spill-overs were limited when pathways contracted simultaneously.     

A new characterization of the jump rate for piecewise-deterministic Markov processes with discrete transitions

Piecewise-deterministic Markov processes form a general class of non diffusion stochastic models that involve both deterministic trajectories and random jumps at random times. In this paper, we state a new characterization of the jump rate of such a process with discrete transitions. We deduce from this result a non parametric technique for estimating this feature of interest. We state the uniform convergence in probability of the estimator. The methodology is illustrated on a numerical example.     

OECD国家退休制度改革及对我国的启示

自20世纪70年代以来,OECD国家的养老保险面临许多新问题,诸如经济增长放缓,人口老龄化加剧,提前退休,老年劳动参与率低等。为了缓解危机,各国对养老保险制度进行了一系列的改革,其中最为主要的是对退休年龄的改革。尽管我国的社会背景、经济发展状况和人口结构与OECD国家不同,但是,借鉴OECD国家退休制度的改革经验,对我国退休制度的改革具有理论和实践价值。     

对男女同龄退休建议和提案的思考

对退休制度出台的法律依据和历史原因进行回顾,发现男女同龄退休不仅受到学界关注,在社会上也引起了广泛的讨论.对男女同龄退休建议和提案的具体内容进行研究后,不难发现男女退休制度的利与弊.为此,建议实行弹性退休政策,以促进男女平等退休政策的早日出台,推动我国人权保障事业健康有序的发展.     

Futurelessness,migration, or a lucky break: narrative tropes of the ‘blocked future’ among Serbian high school students

ABSTRACT

This article uses ethnographic discourse analysis to understand how Serbian high school students at ‘Belgrade Professional’ (BP) respond to coursework and discussions about their individual futures. Contextualizing the conversations at BP within broader local and international social forces, the paper shows how students’ perceptions of their future chances are mediated by both the school’s outdated promises of secure skilled employment and a broad understanding of Western liberal democracies as ‘meritocratic’. In short, I argue that BP students recognize the elective ‘choice biography’ as a real pathway to adulthood. However, they primarily imagine the choice biography as existing outside of Serbia, while feeling constrained by – even hostile to – such an idea within the country. To counter choice biography framings of futures in Serbia, students mobilize a discourse I call the ‘blocked future’, comprised of three related narrative tropes informed by the decades-long recession: domestic futurelessness, meritocracy abroad, and local chance. These narrative tropes illuminate the emerging cultural structures in Serbia which reflect how people cope with and processes the conflicting structural demands and unfulfilled promises of the post-socialist transition in everyday life.