Perception of Ecological Risk to Water Environments

This paper examines lay and expert perceptions of the ecological risks associated with a range of human activities that could adversely affect water resource environments. It employs the psychometric paradigm pioneered in characterizing perceptions of human health risks, which involves surveys to obtain judgments from subjects about risk items in terms of several important characteristics of the risks. The paper builds on a previous study that introduced ecological risk perception. This second study employs a larger, more diverse sample, a more focused topic area, and comparisons between lay and expert judgments. The results confirm that a small set of underlying factors explain a great deal of variability in lay judgments about ecological risks. These have been termed Ecological Impact, Human Benefits, Controllability , and Knowledge. The results are useful in explaining subjects' judgments of the general riskiness of, and need for regulation of, various risk items. The results also indicate several differences and areas of agreement among the lay and expert samples that point to potential key issues in future ecological risk management efforts for water resources.     

ATSDR Science Panel on the Bioavailability of Mercury in Soils: Lessons Learned

On the basis of discussion and analysis during and following an ATSDR science panel on the bioavailability of mercury in soils, it is apparent that the default assumption of 100% relative bioavailability for mercury-contaminated soils is excessively conservative. However, current knowledge does not allow the development of default assumptions or guidelines for determining relative bioavailability of mercury in soils. Until such default assumptions or guidelines can be developed, site-specific assays of bioavailability, preferably using either animal bioassays or validated in vitro techniques, may provide the best approach for estimating soil-mercury bioavailability.     

Two phase parametric and probabilistic NPV calculations, with possible deferral of disposal of UK nuclear waste as an example

This paper illustrates the value of several particular features of a first phase parametric approach to discounted cash flow (DCF) decision analysis when significant uncertainty is involved. It also illustrates the value of second phase probabilistic approaches to selected parameters for five quite different example reasons. The most controversial example reason concerns the discount rate. The particular example used to illustrate both phases may stimulate general interest because of the important issues involved, but it is argued that the two phase approach as a whole has a wide range of applications for decisions large and small.     

社会网络对民间金融风险的作用——基于社会网络结构的理论与实证分析

社会网络对民间金融风险的影响已被广泛认可,但是,究竟什么样的网络结构有抑制风险的作用,什么样的网络结构有扩增风险的作用？以资金互助会为例,将互助会涉及的社会网络按结构特征分为单个会的会内网络和多个会的会间网络,研究可知：（1）越紧密的会内网络结构以及越大的网络规模越有利于民间金融风险的控制。（2）跨会网络具有抑制和扩增风险两种作用,它是协同监督和惩罚机制生效的基础,因而对风险具有控制作用,但这种作用只在中介成员为会首时才显著;同时,它也构成了风险传播的通道,导致资金被分散到多个会中,因而提升了系统性风险。     

网络时代农产品质量安全事件风险放大机制研究——基于价值累加理论的扎根分析

随着互联网的飞速发展,农产品质量安全事件借助网络媒体持续关联与聚合、发酵与扩散,极大地影响着公众的情感和态度,易引发集体非理性恐慌,网络时代信息扩散和迭代呈现全新特征和趋势,故加强农产品质量安全事件风险放大机制研究具有重要意义。基于斯梅尔塞的价值累加理论,结合“土坑酸菜”事件,利用Python技术获取媒体原始资料,对资料进行扎根编码分析,构建农产品质量安全事件风险放大机制模型。根据编码结果识别出农产品质量安全事件风险放大六大主范畴,包括结构性诱因、结构性紧张、一般化信念、(有效的)组织动员、社会控制、风险放大,将主范畴内容纳入价值累加理论六大因素中,分析表明农产品质量安全事件风险放大是以突发事件为分界点,分为前期蓄势、中期造势、紧急处理三个阶段,前期蓄势和中期造势阶段通过多轮循环相互反馈影响,最终放大农产品质量安全事件风险。在整个风险扩散过程中,网络是农产品质量安全事件风险的“社会放大站”,其加速了信息传播,强化了公众风险感知。本研究运用价值累加理论、基于宏观和微观整合层面,细化探究了网络时代农产品质量安全事件风险放大的完整过程机制,进一步完善了风险放大SARF研究框架,为相关研究做了有益补充。     

基于AHP的石油地质风险模糊综合评价体系研究

石油地质勘探风险的综合评价是石油地质勘探中确定目标系统的重要环节.文章利用层次分析法与模糊综合评价法,构建了石油地质勘探风险综合评价体系,详细讨论了评价指标含义、评价标准及评价要点,并提出了适宜的评价方法.     

公众参与转基因食品评价的合理性和意义分析

从公众和科学家之间的鸿沟(社会性距离)在加大、转基因食品可能带来特大风险等现实性背景,及公众参与转基因食品评价的合理性前提,即杜兰特认为科学日益进入公众的社会生活、公众有权对涉及公众利益的问题自由发表意见等,并认为存在公众参与转基因食品评价的意义,这三个方面研究了公众参与转基因食品评价的问题。     

金融知识获取圈层对农户农地抵押贷款参与的影响研究——基于失地风险感知的中介效应分析

积极稳妥推广农地抵押贷款融资业务,持续深化农村土地资产与金融资源的有机衔接是完善金融服务乡村振兴战略的关键内容,深入探究农户金融知识获取的人际圈层来源以及失地风险感知因素对完善农地抵押贷款相关制度建设具有重要意义。文章首先理论阐释了金融知识获取圈层、失地风险感知对农户农地抵押贷款参与的影响,详细剖析了农户失地风险感知的中介机理;然后采用因子分析法测度金融知识获取圈层变量,提取4个公共因子分别界定为亲属关系圈、朋友关系圈、乡邻关系圈和机构参与圈;最后以陕西、宁夏、山东三省农地抵押贷款试点地区1 312户农户调查数据为样本,利用Logit模型和Bootstrap中介效应检验方法,实证分析了金融知识获取圈层、失地风险感知对农户农地抵押贷款参与的影响,并揭示了失地风险感知的中介效应类型和数值大小。研究结果显示：金融知识获取圈层正向促进农户农地抵押贷款参与,其中金融知识获取亲属关系圈的促进作用大于机构参与圈;金融知识获取圈层负向影响农户失地风险感知,机构参与圈的影响最大,亲属关系圈次之,朋友关系圈最小;在四个金融知识获取圈层下,失地风险感知均对农户农地抵押贷款参与具有负向影响;失地风险感知在金融...     

我国上市公司审计风险分析

文章就审计风险防范的重要性、上市公司审计风险的成因以及如何防范审计风险进行了阐述,认为审计风险形成的原因既有外部环境和上市公司因素,也有审计部门和审计师、注册会计师方面的因素,而加强审计风险的防范必须改善审计的外部环境和加强执业规范,加强对上市公司的规范与治理,提高审计主体的质量和审计人员的素质。