Sufficient m-out-of-n (m/n) bootstrap

Traditional resampling methods for estimating sampling distributions sometimes fail, and alternative approaches are then needed. For example, if the classical central limit theorem does not hold and the naïve bootstrap fails, the m/n bootstrap, based on smaller-sized resamples, may be used as an alternative. An alternative to the naïve bootstrap, the sufficient bootstrap, which uses only the distinct observations in a bootstrap sample, is another recently proposed bootstrap approach that has been suggested to reduce the computational burden associated with bootstrapping. It works as long as naïve bootstrap does. However, if the naïve bootstrap fails, so will the sufficient bootstrap. In this paper, we propose combining the sufficient bootstrap with the m/n bootstrap in order to both regain consistent estimation of sampling distributions and to reduce the computational burden of the bootstrap. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic normality of the proposed method, and propose new values for the resample size m. We compare the proposed method with the naïve bootstrap, the sufficient bootstrap, and the m/n bootstrap by simulation.     

Adjusted Wilcoxon signed rank test tables for ratio of percentiles

The ordinary Wilcoxon signed rank test table provides confidence intervals for the median of one population. Adjusted Wilcoxon signed rank test tables which can provide confidence intervals for the median and the 10th percentile of one population are created in this paper. Base-(n + 1) number system and theorems about property of symmetry of the adjusted Wilcoxon signed rank test statistic are derived for programming. Theorem 1 states that the adjusted Wilcoxon signed rank test statistic are symmetric around n(n + 1)/4. Theorem 2 states that the adjusted Wilcoxon signed rank test statistic with the same number of negative ranks m are symmetric around m(n+1)/2. 87.5% and 85% confidence intervals of the median are given in the table for n = 12, 13,…, 29 to create approximated 95% confidence intervals of the ratio of medians for two independent populations. 95% and 92.5% confidence intervals of the 10th percentile are given in the table for n = 26, 27, 28, 29 to create approximated 95% confidence regions of the ratio of the 10th percentiles for two independent populations. Finally two large datasets from wood industry will be partitioned to verify the correctness of adjusted Wilcoxon signed rank test tables for small samples.     

Extending pension coverage in Cambodia: The governance and investment challenges of the Social Security Investment Fund

Rapid economic growth, declining fertility and changes in family structures have encouraged the Kingdom of Cambodia to reform its old-age pension system. The Government of Cambodia reached an important milestone in 2019, when the Law on Social Security was promulgated. The Law includes provisions for a compulsory defined benefit pension scheme, establishing a sound framework for extending compulsory pension coverage beyond the public sector to formal private-sector workers. As a future step, the compulsory pension scheme should be extended to informal workers. To accompany the reform, the investment policy for the pension scheme’s reserve funds, including the supervisory regime and investment strategy, will be essential for the modernization of the Cambodian social security system. In this regard, Cambodia has successfully sought policy advice. However, the country should continue to seek further advice, and to act on this. Otherwise, the necessary and increasingly pressing policy ambitions of Cambodia to develop an adequate and sustainable social protection system may not be fully realized.     

Expanding social health protection in Cambodia: An assessment of the current coverage potential and gaps,and social equity considerations

The Royal Government of Cambodia recently launched its National Social Protection Policy framework to strengthen and expand social security and assistance. To inform social health protection policy, we examine socio-economic survey data and administrative coverage data to assess the coverage potential of existing coverage mechanisms and current gaps; and compare equitable contribution rates. Over 53 per cent of the population currently has no social health protection coverage mechanism, and about 16 per cent of the population who do have access to a mechanism are not yet enrolled. Current expansion efforts focus on the formal employee scheme, primarily benefiting individuals from higher income households. In addition, recent coverage expansion to some informal workers leaves significant gaps, particularly among the informal sector. We find out-of-pocket health care expenditure to be an excessive share of income among lower wealth quintile individuals and conclude they are financially vulnerable. Finally, we illustrate that an equitable approach to individual, monthly health care contributions among the lower three quintiles has a severely limited potential for revenue generation, and collection costs could exceed the amount collected. Therefore, we recommend that vulnerable groups should be exempted from contribution payments as social health protection is expanded.     

Employer‐oriented labour market policies in Sweden: Creating jobs and the division of labour in the public sector

In many European countries, greater importance is accorded to labour market policies in which employers are involved in activating unemployed people. Such employer‐oriented policies target employers’ demand for labour and attempt to influence their willingness to hire, train or guide (often disadvantaged) unemployed groups. Using data from a qualitative interview study of an employer‐oriented programme in a medium‐size city in Sweden, the present article aims to develop knowledge about how these policies are used to influence employers to hire unemployed workers and how jobs created in this context differ from regular jobs. The article argues that creating jobs through new arrangements for the division of labour, with the promise of relieving regular staff of unskilled tasks, may influence employers’ willingness to hire the unemployed when used alongside other kinds of policy instruments. However, the article also shows that this new division of labour, with programme participants performing mainly unskilled tasks, has been difficult to realize, as new staff gradually come to perform an increasing number of regular working tasks.     

小议题元准则在一些汉语句中的运

社会主义政治文明是一个新的理论,社会主义政治文明建设是一项新的进程,这需要我们正确认识和处理好社会主义物质文明、政治文明和精神文明的关系,切实坚持党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国的辩证统一,着重加强制度建设,实现社会主义民主政治的制度化、规范化和程序化。     

从诗学视角看《茶花女》的接受与传播

采用翻译研究派的理论，特别是勒菲弗尔的诗学理论，对《巴黎茶花女遗事》的翻译进行深入细致地研究，结果表明其成功翻译的一个重要因素在于译者充分尊重了译语体系的诗学传统，尤其是林纾的个人诗学与社会的主流诗学之间达成了一种“共谋”关系。该研究再次证明文学译本的接受与传播实际上是一个充满斗争与协商的复杂过程。     

民事诉讼过程中行政行为处理之我见——从诉讼法角度加以论证

依据诉讼法原理,民庭对涉案行政行为只享有程序性审查权,并不享有实体性审查权。应当类型化处理民事诉讼过程中的行政行为,划分案件类型的依据应当是民事争议与行政争议之间的诉讼系属关系而不应是实体法规则。尤其要分别处理行政行为作为先决问题的案件、需要考虑主管权限划分的案件以及仅需要协调判决效力的案件。要求得民事诉讼程序中行政行为的妥善处理,也应当通过完善相关诉讼程序制度来完成。     

政府职能转变对高校办学体制、运行机制创新的促进

改革开放以来,随着计划经济向市场经济的转轨,我国在高等教育领域实施了市场、政府、社会和学校之间协调的高等教育体制改革,提高了政府的有效性。政府高等教育管理职能的转变,促使高等教育办学体制、运行机制创新:从主导型到市场型定位——“高等教育市场化”;公共教育组织中的非政府参与——“政府办学与社会办学”;政府职能和大学职能的分离——“现代大学制度”;所有权与经营权分离——“股份制办学模式”;财政投入与资源配置并举——“经费来源多样化”。     

On the notions of disability and handicap

In 1980, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH). In addition to a nomenclature and a classification, this publication contains a set of elaborate definitions of the central concepts in the area. This conceptual structure has been the focus of intensive critical discussion during the last decade. In 1989, a special society, the Canadian Society for the ICIDH, presented an alternative characterization of the concepts. This article attempts to continue this discussion by deepening the analysis concerning, in particular, two aspects of disability and handicap: first, the idea of normality contained in the WHO classification; second, the idea of context dependence, which is a special focus of the Canadian group. As a result of this discussion, the author presents an alternative set of definitions of the notions of disability and handicap.